{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:57:51Z","timestamp":1787320671837,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,13]],"date-time":"2006-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1150156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Canine conjunctival tumors of vascular endothelial origin are common, although under\u2010reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology of and potential risk factors for these tumors. This study evaluated 108 cases (70 hemangiomas, 38 hemangiosarcomas) from 8300 canine submissions between 1989 and 2004. Signalment, location, pigmentation, size, duration, diagnosis, margins, ancillary therapy, and geographic location were recorded. Follow\u2010up information was available for 49 cases. Each case was matched with two unaffected controls and compared using logistic regression analysis. Average age upon presentation was 8.6\u00a0years; there was no sex predilection. Risk of conjunctival tumors was statistically different among breed groups (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.0010), demonstrating a propensity to occur in groups likely to have increased outdoor activity. Primary involvement occurred within nonpigmented epithelium along the leading edge of the nictitating membrane (41\/108) and temporal bulbar conjunctiva (33\/108). The etiology remains unknown; however, the strong site predilection, involvement of nonpigmented epithelium, and development within specific breed classes strongly suggest ultraviolet (UV) light as a significant risk factor. In a full\u2010logistic model including breed, gender, age, and UV exposure, UV was not a statistically significant variable (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.1215). In a reduced\u2010model including UV only, significance was approached (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.0696) and posthoc contrast demonstrated a significant linear trend with increasing UV exposure (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.0147). In separate analysis of risks associated with hemangiosarcoma, compared with hemangioma, breed was not significant while increasing UV exposure was significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P\u00a0=<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a00.0381). Early surgical therapy is recommended and may be curative; however, recurrence is possible and more likely with hemangiosarcomas (11\/20).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2006.00471.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,13]],"date-time":"2006-06-13T06:57:10Z","timestamp":1150181830000},"page":"215-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Canine conjunctival hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma: a retrospective evaluation of 108 cases (1989\u20132004)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Chris G.","family":"Pirie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Knollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chet B.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Dubielzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Tumor and tumor\u2010like lesions of the perilimbal conjunctiva in laboratory dogs","volume":"173","author":"Hargis AM","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"832","article-title":"Hemangioma of the nictitating membrane in a dog","volume":"172","author":"Peiffer RL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Episcleral hemangioma in a dog","volume":"173","author":"Peiffer RL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"225","article-title":"Bilateral conjunctival masses in two dogs","volume":"195","author":"Murphy CJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Conjunctival vascular tumors in 6 dogs","volume":"7","author":"Mughannam AJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.04031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Conjunctival hemangioma in a horse","volume":"180","author":"Vestre WA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588602300303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00254.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Haemangiosarcoma of the conjunctiva of a giant panda","volume":"138","author":"Lopez M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","unstructured":"WilcockBP.Conjunctival vascular tumors in dogs: histological\u2010behavioral correlation.Presented at the Midwest Association of Veterinary Ophthalmologists 1994."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376904.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Histological classification of Ocular and Otic Tumors of Domestic Animals","author":"Wilcock B","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"532","volume-title":"Small Animal Clinical Oncology","author":"Miller PE","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376928.ch15"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1994.tb03248.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","volume-title":"The Complete Dog Book","author":"American Kennel Club.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"335","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiologic Research","author":"Dohoo I","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2000)014<0395:CHTWSC>2.3.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Canine hemangiosarcoma; 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