{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T15:54:38Z","timestamp":1761580478160},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]],"date-time":"2007-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold>We investigated effects of both vecuronium bromide, a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, and atropine, a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, on the pupil of the turtle to determine whether responses to light are controlled by parasympathetic innervations acting on the iris.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Animal studied\u2002<\/jats:bold>Three red\u2010eared slider turtles,<jats:italic>Pseudemys scripta elegans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Procedure\u2002<\/jats:bold>Turtles were secured to immobilize their head movements and then inserted into a light\u2010integrating sphere. Both pupils were monitored through small apertures by digital video cameras. Pupil diameters were measured manually with a digital caliper. During each trial, drugs (0.4%) were topically applied, four times at 15\u00a0min intervals, to the corneas of each eye. One eye was randomly selected for treatment of the drug while the other, treated with saline (0.9% NaCl), was used as control. Pupil sizes under adaptation to light were tracked after drug or saline applications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>Mean pupillary diameters of eyes treated with vercuronium bromide increased by 28%, reaching peak size in 90\u00a0min. Onset of response occurred 20\u00a0min after drug application and then increased at a rate having a time constant of 26\u00a0min. Recovery began at 120\u00a0min after initial application. Atropine had no effect on pupil size. No systemic side effects by drugs were observed in turtles.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold>Although atropine does not cause mydriasis, vecuronium bromide does. These results suggest that the parasympathetic system in turtles acts through acetylcholine onto nicotinic receptors to stimulate pupillary light constriction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00518.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T00:02:44Z","timestamp":1172534564000},"page":"106-110","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Parasympathetic control of the pupillary light response in the red\u2010eared slider turtle (<i>Pseudemys scripta elegans<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"J. R.","family":"Dearworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. J.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"McGee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.7369"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006763"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902260407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90381-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00628.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2003.00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000156309.19337.CD"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1962.00960020501020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.02.270","article-title":"Comparative use of various mydriatic drugs in kestrels (Falco tinnunculus)","volume":"55","author":"Mikaelian I","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.02.227","article-title":"Effects of mydriatic agents in cockatoos, African gray parrots, and Blue\u2010fronted Amazon parrots","volume":"208","author":"Ramer JC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00231.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(70)80080-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(83)90134-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091550207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090440107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"The light reflex of the normal pupil of man","volume":"8","author":"Van Der Tweel LH","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Neerlander"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Raptor ophthalmology","volume":"9","author":"Murphy CJ","year":"1987","journal-title":"Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1991.tb00824.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1463-5224.2007.00518.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00518.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T07:18:47Z","timestamp":1707635927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00518.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00518.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00518.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-02-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}