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Aquatic snails from the exhibit\u2019s water source were identified as<jats:italic>Melanoides tuberculatus,<\/jats:italic>a known vector for<jats:italic>P.\u00a0gralli<\/jats:italic>. Comparison of partial sequences of DNA regions from<jats:italic>P.\u00a0gralli<\/jats:italic>adults removed from the rheas and metacercariae from the aquatic snails demonstrated a 100% match, confirming the source of infection. The flock was divided into two treatment groups: the most severely affected rheas received both manual removal of trematodes and praziquantel 1% ointment OU q12\u2003h and the least severely affected rheas were only given praziquantel 1% ointment OU q12\u2003h. The rheas were permanently relocated away from the infected water source and aquatic snails. Initial resolution was seen at 17\u2003weeks in the most severely affected rhea, which had 675 adult<jats:italic>P.\u00a0gralli<\/jats:italic>removed and topical praziquantel. The two rheas that only received topical praziquantel showed resolution within 3 and 15\u2003weeks. Current recommendations for treating<jats:italic>P.\u00a0gralli<\/jats:italic>include: manual removal of trematodes, topical praziquantel 1% ointment, and relocation away from infected water sources and aquatic snails.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01008.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]],"date-time":"2012-03-19T18:41:52Z","timestamp":1332182512000},"page":"65-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Outbreak of<i>Philophthalmus gralli<\/i>in four greater rheas (<i>Rhea americana<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Church","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kinsella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasyl V.","family":"Tkach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60492-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Douve oculaire de le Poule","volume":"3","author":"Mathis C","year":"1910","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe de Pathologie Exotique et des ses Filiales"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Philophthalmus sp. 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