{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T14:46:25Z","timestamp":1774968385743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,9]],"date-time":"2012-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold>To assess the refractive state of the equine eye utilizing retinoscopy. To compare the refractive state of Spanish Thoroughbred horses with the refractive state of Crossbred horses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Procedures\u2002<\/jats:bold>The refractive state of 135 horses (264 eyes) was assessed utilizing streak retinoscopy. Two perpendicular meridians were examined in order to assess astigmatism at a working distance of approximately 67\u2003cm. A group of 81 Spanish Thoroughbred horses was compared with a group of 54 Crossbred horses. Cyclopentolate ophthalmic solution was instilled in the eyes of a group of 18 horses to determine if accommodation has any influence on the assessment of the refractive state.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>Mean\u2003\u00b1\u2003SE refractive state of all horses examined was \u22120.17\u2003\u00b1\u20030.04\u2003D. The mean refractive state of the Spanish Thoroughbred was \u22120.28\u2003\u00b1\u20030.06\u2003D while that of the Crossbred was \u22120.01\u2003\u00b1\u20030.05\u2003D. The refractive state of the Spanish Thoroughbred was found to be statistically different to that of the Crossbred. The most prevalent refractive state was emmetropia in all cases, followed by hyperopia for the Crossbred, and myopia for the Spanish Thoroughbred. Astigmatism \u22650.50\u2003D present in both eyes from the same individual was found in 21.7% of all horses examined. Anisometropia \u22651.00\u2003D was diagnosed in 4 out of 129 horses with both visual eyes. Cycloplegia did not statistically affect the refractive state of the evaluated eyes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold>The equine eye has a refractive state close to emmetropia. Myopia is higher among Spanish Thoroughbred horses than among Crossbred horses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01014.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,9]],"date-time":"2012-04-09T17:29:03Z","timestamp":1333992543000},"page":"25-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Refractive state of the Spanish Thoroughbred horse: a comparison with the crossbred horse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Rull\u2010Cotrina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose 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