{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T16:24:41Z","timestamp":1761755081868,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RO 3589-212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO 3589-212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"\n What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n In a recent\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n study, we were able to show that, during initiation of voiding, there was both funnelling of the bladder neck and simultaneous contraction of the ventral prostate. We presumed that the vertical contraction of the ventral prostate contributes to the initiation of successful micturition. The question remained as to whether this shortening of the ventral prostate is predominantly caused by contractile elements in the organ itself, or by surrounding contractile elements of the pelvic floor.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n In our study we provide insight in to anatomical changes, and biometric and functional analysis of the prostate during micturition. A sagittal contraction of the ventral prostate and the longitudinal smooth muscle elements at the onset of voiding, which can be observed on\n MRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , is likely to shorten and open up the prostatic urethra.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n To investigate if\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n contractile strength of the prostate and the prostatic urethra might correlate with the shortening of the ventral prostate seen on real\u2010time magnetic resonance imaging (\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Micturition is a complex process that includes anatomical and neurological interactions for successful voiding. Recently we described on\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n that vertical contraction of the ventral prostate precedes initiation of male micturition and may contribute to the funnelling of the bladder neck.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n In all, 10 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (\n RP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were enrolled. Approval was obtained from all patients and by the local\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n thics\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n ommittee.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Preoperative\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n during voiding was performed as described before in eight patients undergoing\n RP<\/jats:styled-content>\n , measuring the difference of the cranio\u2010caudal distance of the ventral prostate (\n VP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). To roughly estimate the amount of force required to deform the prostate in a vertical direction as seen on\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , we uniaxially compressed the organ immediately after surgery by the same distance, assuming incompressibility and isotropy of prostatic tissue.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n A muscle strip (3 \u00d7 3\u2009mm) from the ventral prostate, dorsal prostate and prostatic urethra was obtained after pathological evaluation. Contraction was elicited by electrical\u2010field stimulation (\n EFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 0.1\u2009ms pulses at 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64\u2009\n H<\/jats:styled-content>\n z for 4\u2009s).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n There was a mean cranio\u2010caudal contraction of the ventral prostate by 7.6\u2009mm at the onset of micturition on\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n The mean (\n sd<\/jats:sc>\n ) contractile force of strips elicited by\n EFS<\/jats:styled-content>\n at 32\u2009\n H<\/jats:styled-content>\n z was 1472.44\u2009(706.88)\u2009\n mN<\/jats:styled-content>\n for the ventral prostate, 1044.24\u2009(894.66)\u2009\n mN<\/jats:styled-content>\n for the dorsal prostate, and 639.10\u2009(785.06)\u2009\n mN<\/jats:styled-content>\n for the prostatic urethra (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.02). Extrapolating these values to the whole organ diameter, we calculated comparable force as observed in compression experiments.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Our functional and biometric\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n analyses of prostate tissue showed sufficient contractile strength of the ventral prostate to induce a shortening of the organ as seen on\n rtMRI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n There was significant higher contractile strength in the ventral prostate than in the dorsal prostate or the proximal urethra. The consistency of\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n results underlines the significance of the ventral prostate for the initiation of normal micturition.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410x.2012.11698.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T07:35:51Z","timestamp":1359358551000},"page":"1117-1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Contraction of the anterior prostate is required for the initiation of micturition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Yasemin","family":"Hocaoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hennenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gratzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricarda","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Stief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Roosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990020105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0430249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"351","volume-title":"Scientific Foundations of Urology","author":"Daniels GF","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10255.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.07.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2005.04268.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.172130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.111.186841"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2000.03361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00197-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"WaltherS StrittmatterF HennenbergM GratzkeC StiefCG RoosenA.Adreno\u2010muscarinic synergy in the male human urinary outflow tract. 26th Annual Congress of the European Association of Urology 2011. 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