{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:08:13Z","timestamp":1773673693977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Diabet. Med. 29, 1291\u20131296 (2012)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims\u2002<\/jats:bold> To identify clinical characteristics and co\u2010morbidity rates of children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus at younger than 6\u2003years of age.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Data were obtained from a retrospective chart review of 103 patients diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at younger than 6\u2003years (study group) and 220 patients at older than 6\u2003years (comparison group). Measures of glycaemic control and occurrence of co\u2010morbidities (coeliac disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, hypertension, nephropathy and retinopathy) were compared.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The mean follow\u2010up period was more than 8\u2003years. For the study group, mean HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels ranged from 64\u2003mmol\/mol to 66\u2003mmol\/mol (8.0\u20138.2%) until age 10\u2003years, and then rose to 73\u2003mmol\/mol (8.8%). The HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels were higher in the study than in the comparison group for comparable ages (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.003). After adjustment for duration of diabetes this difference was not significant. The overall rate of severe hypoglycaemic events was greater in the study group than in the comparison group (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=\u20030.03). Kaplan\u2013Meier diagnosis rates of celiac disease, 10\u2003years after Type 1 diabetes diagnosis, were 14.4% and 4.2% in the study and comparison groups, respectively (P log\u2010rank\u2003=\u20030.03). There were no differences in rates of autoimmune thyroid disease, hypertension, nephropathy or retinopathy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes before the age of 6\u2003years were in greater risk of developing celiac disease, compared with children diagnosed after the age of 6\u2003years. For children diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes aged under 6\u2003years, good metabolic control was achievable until age 10\u2003years, after which it deteriorated. Higher HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> levels observed in children diagnosed before the age of 6\u2003years were associated with longer duration of disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03682.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,16]],"date-time":"2012-04-16T16:13:16Z","timestamp":1334592796000},"page":"1291-1296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Type 1 diabetes in pre\u2010school children \u2013 long\u2010term metabolic control, associated autoimmunity and 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