{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T14:57:18Z","timestamp":1792940238796,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]],"date-time":"2013-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabet. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Diabet. Med. 30, 179\u2013188 (2013)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite improvements in the pharmacodynamics of injectable insulin and better insulin delivery systems, glucose control remains suboptimal in the majority of individuals with Type\u20031 diabetes. Profound defects in the physiological processes that normally maintain glucose homeostasis contribute to the difficulty in achieving glycaemic targets. Non\u2010insulin\u2010based adjunct treatments offer a potential means of complementing intensive insulin therapy in Type\u20031 diabetes through addressing some of the physiological disturbances that result from endogenous \u03b2\u2010cell destruction, particularly through preservation of \u03b2\u2010cell mass and prevention of apoptosis, and suppression of \u03b1\u2010cell glucagon release in the postprandial state. The former approach applies most readily to newly diagnosed C\u2010peptide\u2010positive Type\u20031 diabetes, while the latter to established C\u2010peptide\u2010negative Type\u20031 diabetes. This review focuses primarily on the clinical trial data available on the use of non\u2010insulin\u2010based therapies in longer\u2010duration Type\u20031 diabetes. We conclude that metformin may prove useful in macrovascular disease reduction, while pramlintide, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase\u20104 inhibitors and leptin co\u2010therapies may reduce HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, glucose variability, postprandial glucose excursions and body weight. These early studies are encouraging and offer novel and potentially very effective approaches to the treatment of Type\u20031 diabetes, but the evidence is largely restricted to small, often uncontrolled trials. As such, these therapies cannot be currently recommended for routine clinical practice. There is a clear need to support large, multi\u2010centre randomized controlled trials designed to establish whether adjunct insulin therapy has a place in the modern management of Type\u20031 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03744.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T03:08:35Z","timestamp":1342667315000},"page":"179-188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Potential role of non\u2010insulin adjunct therapy in Type\u20031 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"George","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. J.","family":"McCrimmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4695(199912)41:4<540::AID-NEU9>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052187"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","volume-title":"Scottish Diabetes Survey 2010","author":"Scottish Diabetes Survey Monitoring (SDSM) Group","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.46.2.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-826169"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0244"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0426"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-56-6-1294"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01059.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3402"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.832"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012864"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00251823"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-008-6092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7141.2008.00020.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1636-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003363"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.12.2153"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2082"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1235"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K11E-129"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-3589(05)52004-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.4.724"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2004.01319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837662"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/15209150252924094"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.6.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1790"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2440"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0096"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0330"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909422107"}],"container-title":["Diabetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1464-5491.2012.03744.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03744.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T03:47:12Z","timestamp":1697600832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03744.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03744.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03744.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0742-3071","1464-5491"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0742-3071","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-5491","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-01-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}