{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:33:58Z","timestamp":1760452438714},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]],"date-time":"2010-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1282176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>\n            <jats:bold>Introduction and Aims.<\/jats:bold> To explore the combined effects of street\u2010level law enforcement and substitution treatment programs on drug\u2010related mortality, taking into account prevalence of heroin use and changes in injecting behaviour. <jats:bold>Design and Methods.<\/jats:bold> Time trend analysis using annual police reports and case register data of opioid substitution treatments in Switzerland, 1975\u20132007. <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold> Drug\u2010related mortality increased during times of more intense street\u2010level law enforcement [odds ratio (OR) 1.32, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.15\u20131.51], and the number of drug\u2010related deaths predicted the number of heroin possession offences 2\u2003years later (r\u2003=\u20030.97, P\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Substitution treatment had a protective effect on drug\u2010related mortality (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.18\u20130.30). Surprisingly, the number of drug\u2010related deaths was substantially biased by an oscillation period of 14\u2003years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17\u20131.32). <jats:bold>Discussion and Conclusions.<\/jats:bold> Our analysis revealed that the amount of police resources allocated to law enforcement was determined rationally, however, on biased grounds and with untoward consequences. Substitution treatment of heroin users reduced drug\u2010related mortality in the long run, but different factors masked its impact for several years. Therefore, the introduction\u2014or the expansion\u2014of opioid substitution treatment programs should not be promoted with the argument of an immediate reduction of drug\u2010related deaths in a country.<\/jats:italic>[Nordt C, Stohler R. Combined effects of law enforcement and substitution treatment on heroin mortality. <jats:italic>Drug Alcohol Rev<\/jats:italic> 2010]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00167.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]],"date-time":"2010-08-16T11:20:54Z","timestamp":1281957654000},"page":"540-545","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Combined effects of law enforcement and substitution treatment on heroin mortality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"CARLOS","family":"NORDT","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RUDOLF","family":"STOHLER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.Drug\u2010related deaths. 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Illegal drugs: consumption, trafficking, market, and prohibition]","author":"Estermann J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"Swiss Federal Office of Police [In German].Bet\u00e4ubungsmittelstatistik 2007 [Statistic of narcotics 2007]. Available at:http:\/\/www.fedpol.admin.ch\/fedpol\/de\/home\/dokumentation\/zahlen_und_fakten.html(accessed 1 July 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68804-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","unstructured":"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health [In German].Nationale Substitutionsstatistik (Methadon) [Statistic of substitution treatment (methadone)]. Available at:http:\/\/www.nasuko.ch\/nms\/db\/index.cfm(accessed 1 July 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","unstructured":"Swiss Federal Office of Public Health.Heroin\u2010assisted treatment (HAT). 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