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Opium poppy was transformed with constitutively expressed cDNA of codeinone reductase (<jats:italic>PsCor1.1<\/jats:italic>), the penultimate step in morphine synthesis. Most transgenic lines showed significant increases in capsule alkaloid content in replicated glasshouse and field trials over 4\u00a0years. The morphinan alkaloid contents on a dry weight basis were between 15% and 30% greater than those in control high\u2010yielding genotypes and control non\u2010transgenic segregants. Transgenic leaves had approximately 10\u2010fold greater levels of <jats:italic>Cor<\/jats:italic> transcript compared with non\u2010transgenic controls. Two cycles of crossing of the best transgenic line into an elite high\u2010morphine genotype resulted in significant increases in morphine and total alkaloids relative to the elite recurrent parent. No significant changes in alkaloid profiles or quantities were observed in leaf, roots, pollen and seed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2006.00212.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,20]],"date-time":"2006-09-20T15:23:32Z","timestamp":1158765812000},"page":"26-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Increasing morphinan alkaloid production by over\u2010expressing codeinone reductase in transgenic <i>Papaver somniferum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Larkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A. 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