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The HIV\u20101 capsid protein p24 and a fusion of p24 with the negative regulatory protein Nef (p24\u2010Nef) accumulate to \u223c4% and \u223c40% of the total soluble protein of leaves of transplastomic tobacco (<jats:italic>Nicotiana tabacum<\/jats:italic> L.) plants. This study has investigated the immunogenicity in mice of these two HIV\u20101 proteins, using cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Subcutaneous immunization with purified chloroplast\u2010derived p24 elicited a strong antigen\u2010specific serum IgG response, comparable to that produced by <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\u2010derived p24. Oral administration of a partially purified preparation of chloroplast\u2010derived p24\u2010Nef fusion protein, used as a booster after subcutaneous injection with either p24 or Nef, also elicited strong antigen\u2010specific serum IgG responses. Both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, associated with cell\u2010mediated Th1 and humoral Th2 responses, respectively, were found in sera after subcutaneous and oral administration. These results indicate that chloroplast\u2010derived HIV\u20101 p24\u2010Nef is a promising candidate as a component of a subunit vaccine delivered by oral boosting, after subcutaneous priming by injection of p24 and\/or Nef.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2011.00609.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,28]],"date-time":"2011-03-28T19:37:59Z","timestamp":1301341079000},"page":"629-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Immunogenicity of chloroplast\u2010derived HIV\u20101 p24 and a p24\u2010Nef fusion protein following subcutaneous and oral administration in mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nuria","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Rabade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward G.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Dix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian K\u2010C.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00050-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1997.d01-146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1998.0011183X003800030082x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.9.5915-5922.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Life Sciences","author":"Crandall K.A.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2009.00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69248-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.250.4983.954"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60343-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00170-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03354.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-72","article-title":"A reflection on HIV\/AIDS research after 25\u2003years","volume":"3","author":"Gallo R.C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(01)02394-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)89346-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.06.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.15.7506-7517.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/79626"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(94)90158-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00258-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.9.4778"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333330a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(93)90039-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.7.3.377-383.2000","article-title":"Variability and immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 gene quasispecies","volume":"7","author":"Iroegbu J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. 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