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Here we studied the performance of illiterate, ex\u2010illiterate and literate adults closely matched in age, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics, on a contour integration task known to depend on early visual processing. Stimuli consisted of a closed egg\u2010shaped contour made of disconnected Gabor patches, within a background of randomly oriented Gabor stimuli. Subjects had to decide whether the egg was pointing left or right. Difficulty was varied by jittering the orientation of the Gabor patches forming the contour. Contour integration performance was lower in illiterates than in both ex\u2010illiterate and literate controls. We argue that this difference in contour perception must reflect a genuine difference in visual function. According to this view, the intensive perceptual training that accompanies reading acquisition also improves early visual abilities, suggesting that the impact of literacy on the visual system is more widespread than originally proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01102.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]],"date-time":"2011-11-09T07:21:13Z","timestamp":1320823273000},"page":"139-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Reading acquisition enhances an early visual process of contour integration"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marcin","family":"Szwed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Querido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislas","family":"Dehaene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1800"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Studies on the mind: A tribute to Carlos Brito\u2010Mendes","author":"Brito\u2010Mendes C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/3.5.476"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-05-01916.1993","article-title":"Development of local circuits in human visual cortex","volume":"13","author":"Burkhalter A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.6.1053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf094"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.2.4.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","volume-title":"Reading in the brain","author":"Dehaene S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Perceptual learning","author":"Fahle M.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90156-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80833-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/10.6.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280120a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-07-02432.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2003.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(96)00281-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008455"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90175-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","volume-title":"Psychophysics: A practical introduction","author":"Kingdom F.A.A.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","volume-title":"Gestalt psychology","author":"K\u00f6hler W.","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.802","article-title":"Embeddedness effects on part verification in children and unschooled adults","volume":"30","author":"Kolinsky R.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p160399"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p230471"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","unstructured":"Kolinsky R. 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