{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:30:47Z","timestamp":1793961047093,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,18]],"date-time":"2011-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the longitudinal study was to investigate whether a computer application designed for remedial reading training can enhance letter knowledge, reading accuracy, fluency, and spelling of at-risk children. The participants, 7-year-old Finnish school beginners (N = 166), were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (a) regular remedial reading intervention (n = 25), (b) computer-assessed reading intervention (n = 25), and (c) mainstream reading instruction (n = 116). Based on the results, computer-assisted remedial reading intervention was highly beneficial, whereas regular type of intervention was less successful. The results indicated that at-risk children require computer-based letter\u2013name and letter\u2013sound training to acquire adequate decoding and spelling skills, and to reach the level of their non-at-risk peers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01580.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,18]],"date-time":"2011-03-18T14:58:19Z","timestamp":1300460299000},"page":"1013-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Computer-Assisted Remedial Reading Intervention for School Beginners at Risk for Reading Disability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Nina L","family":"Saine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja-Kristiina","family":"Lerkkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asko","family":"Tolvanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heikki","family":"Lyytinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit1","volume-title":"Nopean sarjallisen nime\u00e4misen testi [The Automatized Serial Naming]","author":"Ahonen","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716403000316","article-title":"Learning to read: English in comparison to six more regular orthographies","volume":"24","author":"Aro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686798","article-title":"Training letter-to-sound connections: The efficacy of tracing","volume":"13","author":"Beech","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/02702710390227387","article-title":"Does reading instruction in learning disability resource rooms really work? A longitudinal study","volume":"24","author":"Bentum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reading Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543072001101","article-title":"Computer-assisted instruction in support of beginning reading instruction: A review","volume":"72","author":"Blok","year":"2002","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.3102\/0002831207306743","article-title":"Final reading outcomes of the national randomized field trial of success for all","volume":"44","author":"Borman","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/301419a0","article-title":"Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection","volume":"30","author":"Bradley","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.80.3.357","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013motivational characteristics and academic-achievement of learning-disabled children\u2014A longitudinal-study","volume":"80","author":"Chapman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit9","first-page":"145","article-title":"Early reading-related skills and performance, reading self-concept and the development of academic self-concept: A longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit10","volume-title":"Statistical poweranalysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948902200606","article-title":"The development of spelling knowledge and its role in reading acquisition and reading disability","volume":"22","author":"Ehri","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/1057356980140202","article-title":"Phases of word learning: Implications for instruction with delayed and disabled readers","volume":"14","author":"Ehri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reading and Writing Quarterly"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.4.660","article-title":"Long-term effects of phoneme awareness and letter name training. An intervention study with children at risk of dyslexia","volume":"96","author":"Elbro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9450.1996.tb00647.x","article-title":"Teaching reading to disabled readers with language disorders: A controlled evaluation of synthetic speech feedback","volume":"37","author":"Elbro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit15","volume-title":"Osa-aikaista erityisopetusta lukuvuonna 2007\u20132008 saaneet peruskoulun oppilaat erityisopetuksen ensisijaisen syyn mukaan [Students receiving remedial training 2007\u20132008\u2014according to the primary cause]","author":"Finnish Central Statistical Office","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit16","volume-title":"Learning disabilities\u2014from identification to intervention","author":"Fletcher","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.90.1.37","article-title":"The role of instruction in learning to read: Preventing reading failure in at-risk children","volume":"90","author":"Foorman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit18","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Surface dyslexia neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading","author":"Frith","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit19","volume-title":"The study of implementation in school-based preventive interventions: Theory, research, and practice: Vol. 3","author":"Greenberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00087","article-title":"Annotation: Randomised trials","volume":"43","author":"Harrington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2307\/1131364","article-title":"Ameliorating early reading failure by integrating the teaching of reading and phonological skills: The phonological linkage hypothesis","volume":"65","author":"Hatcher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01559.x","article-title":"Efficacy of small group reading intervention for beginning readers with reading-delay: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Hatcher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00225.x","article-title":"Explict phoneme training combined with phonic reading instruction helps young children at-risk of reading failure","volume":"45","author":"Hatcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit24","volume-title":"Lukilasse [The Lukilasse Graded Achievement Package for comprehensive school age children]","author":"H\u00e4yrinen","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940103400502","article-title":"Predicting delay in reading achievement in a highly transparent language","volume":"5","author":"Holopainen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600006314","article-title":"Computer speech-based remediation for reading disabilities: The size of spelling-to-sound unit in a transparent orthography","volume":"10","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit27","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Finnish reading literacy. When quality and equity meet","author":"Lerkkanen","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/01411920310001629974","article-title":"Predicting reading performance during the first and the second year of primary school","volume":"30","author":"Lerkkanen","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Educational Research Journal"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit29","volume-title":"ALLU\u2014Ala-asteen Lukutesti [ALLU\u2014Graded Comprehensive School Reading Test]","author":"Lindeman","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit30","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Handbook of learning disabilities","author":"Lovett","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-004-0010-3","article-title":"The development of children at familial risk for dyslexia: Birth to early school age","volume":"54","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit33","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Handbook of orthography and literacy","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1027\/1901-2276.59.2.109","article-title":"Early identification of dyslexia and the usage of computer game-based practice to support reading acquisition","volume":"59","author":"Lyytinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nordic Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2004.08.008","article-title":"Audiovisual training in children with reading disabilities","volume":"46","author":"Magnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit36","volume-title":"Instructing children who have literacy problems","author":"McCormick","year":"1999","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290707300203","article-title":"Is there a bidirectional relationship between children\u2019s reading skills and reading motivation?","volume":"73","author":"Morgan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408321112","article-title":"Does early reading failure decrease children\u2019s reading motivation?","volume":"41","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit39","volume-title":"Mplus technical appendices","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"19982004"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit40","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"19982007","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit41","volume-title":"Report of the National Reading Panel. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction","author":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00114","article-title":"Evaluation of a computer-based reading intervention in infant and junior schools","volume":"23","author":"Nicolson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654307313793","article-title":"Defining, conceptualizing, and measuring fidelity of implementation and its relationship to outcomes in K-12 curriculum intervention research","volume":"78","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11519-000","volume-title":"Educating the human brain","author":"Posner","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2007.01.005","article-title":"Early intervention with children of dyslexic parents: Effects of computer-based reading instruction at home on literacy acquisition","volume":"17","author":"Regtvoort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit46","volume-title":"A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis","author":"Satorra","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2005.00125.x","article-title":"A drop in the bucket. Randomized controlled trials testing reading and math interventions","volume":"20","author":"Seethaler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","article-title":"A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming","volume":"96","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00645-2","article-title":"Phonological recoding and self-teaching: Sine qua non of reading acquisition","volume":"55","author":"Share","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.7402003","article-title":"Family risk of dyslexia is continuous: Individual differences in the precursors of reading skill","volume":"74","author":"Snowling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit51","volume-title":"Effect of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on reading achievement: A meta-analysis","author":"Soe","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit52","first-page":"129","article-title":"The need for randomised controlled trials in educational research","volume":"25","author":"Torgerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Studies"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Catch them before they fall: Identification and assessment to prevent reading failure in young children","author":"Torgesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Educator\/American Federation of Teachers"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(01)00092-9","article-title":"The prevention of reading difficulties","volume":"40","author":"Torgesen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757642.ch27","volume-title":"The science of reading: A handbook","author":"Torgesen","year":"2005"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2307\/1511196","article-title":"Computers as aids in the prevention and remediation of reading disabilities","volume":"18","author":"Torgesen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.3.508","article-title":"Code-oriented instruction for kindergarten students at risk for reading difficulties: A randomized field trial with paraeducator implementers","volume":"98","author":"Vadasay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.00113","article-title":"Computer-assisted learning to read and spell: Result from two pilot studies","volume":"23","author":"van Daal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Reading"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit59","volume-title":"Wechlerin lasten \u00e4lykkyysasteikko [Wechsler intelligence scale for children]","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007921805360","article-title":"Training poor reader\u2019s phonological decoding skills: Evidence for syllable-bound processing","volume":"9","author":"Wentink","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.2.272","article-title":"Dysfluent reading in the absence of spelling difficulties: A specific disability in regular orthographies","volume":"94","author":"Wimmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"2026010916094216200_cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2490","article-title":"Training phonological awareness with and without explict attention to articulation","volume":"72","author":"Wise","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"}],"container-title":["Child Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2011.01580.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/82\/3\/1013\/64422386\/j.1467-8624.2011.01580.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article-pdf\/82\/3\/1013\/64422386\/j.1467-8624.2011.01580.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T21:16:51Z","timestamp":1767993411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/chidev\/article\/82\/3\/1013\/8267368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01580.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0009-3920","1467-8624"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0009-3920","type":"print"},{"value":"1467-8624","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-03-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}