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In two experiments, students studied prose passages and took one or three immediate free-recall tests, without feedback, or restudied the material the same number of times as the students who received tests. Students then took a final retention test 5 min, 2 days, or 1 week later. When the final test was given after 5 min, repeated studying improved recall relative to repeated testing. However, on the delayed tests, prior testing produced substantially greater retention than studying, even though repeated studying increased students' confidence in their ability to remember the material. Testing is a powerful means of improving learning, not just assessing it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,23]],"date-time":"2006-02-23T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1140689986000},"page":"249-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2247,"title":["Test-Enhanced Learning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Henry L.","family":"Roediger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Karpicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St. Louis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.4.1.3"},{"key":"bibr2-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","author":"Balota D.A.","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"bibr3-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1991.10702818"},{"key":"bibr4-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium","author":"Bjork R.A.","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr5-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","first-page":"396","volume-title":"Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues","volume":"1","author":"Bjork R.A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr6-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4561.003.0011"},{"key":"bibr7-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1480.003.0023"},{"key":"bibr8-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202713"},{"key":"bibr9-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0720(200005\/06)14:3<215::AID-ACP640>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"issue":"40","key":"bibr10-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","volume":"6","author":"Gates A.I.","year":"1917","journal-title":"Archives of Psychology"},{"key":"bibr11-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.81.3.392"},{"key":"bibr12-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(71)80029-4"},{"key":"bibr13-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024971"},{"key":"bibr14-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.133.4.643"},{"key":"bibr15-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Practical aspects of memory","author":"Landauer T.K.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr16-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328023TOP2903_06"},{"key":"bibr17-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.11.2.397"},{"key":"bibr18-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","unstructured":"Logan J.M., Balota D.A. (2005). Spaced and expanded retrieval effects in younger and older adults. Manuscript submitted for publication."},{"key":"bibr19-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-476X(91)90037-L"},{"key":"bibr20-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202614"},{"key":"bibr21-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.11.2.371"},{"key":"bibr22-j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x","unstructured":"McDermott K.B., Kang S., Roediger H.L.III. (2005, January).\n                      Test format and its modulation of the testing effect\n                      . 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