{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:23:03Z","timestamp":1792801383720,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1254355200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Stigma is a risk factor for mental health problems, but few studies have considered how stigma leads to psychological distress. The present research examined whether specific emotion-regulation strategies account for the stigma-distress association. In an experience-sampling study, rumination and suppression occurred more on days when stigma-related stressors were reported than on days when these stressors were not reported, and rumination mediated the relationship between stigma-related stress and psychological distress. The effect of social support on distress was moderated by the concealability of the stigma: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) respondents reported more isolation and less social support than African American respondents subsequent to experiencing stigma-related stressors, whereas African Americans reported greater social support than LGB participants. Social isolation mediated the stigma-distress association among LGB respondents. In a second experimental study, participants who ruminated following the recall of an autobiographical discrimination event exhibited prolonged distress on both implicit and explicit measures relative to participants who distracted themselves; this finding provides support for a causal role of rumination in the stigma-distress relationship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,17]],"date-time":"2009-09-17T10:03:57Z","timestamp":1253181837000},"page":"1282-1289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":378,"title":["How Does Stigma \u201cGet Under the Skin\u201d?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Hatzenbuehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Nolen-Hoeksema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Dovidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"bibr2-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012679130-3\/50046-6"},{"key":"bibr3-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","volume-title":"Weight bias: Nature, consequences, and remedies","author":"Brownell K.D.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr4-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00078"},{"key":"bibr5-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","first-page":"504","volume-title":"Handbook of social psychology","author":"Crocker J.","year":"1998","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr6-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.4.909"},{"key":"bibr7-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","volume-title":"Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"Goffman E.","year":"1963"},{"key":"bibr8-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.1.224"},{"key":"bibr9-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00152"},{"key":"bibr10-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348"},{"key":"bibr11-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x"},{"key":"bibr12-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01924.x"},{"key":"bibr13-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510"},{"key":"bibr14-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458"},{"key":"bibr15-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2955424"},{"key":"bibr16-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1041"},{"key":"bibr17-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.1.83"},{"key":"bibr18-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137"},{"key":"bibr19-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012679130-3\/50045-4"},{"key":"bibr20-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212"},{"key":"bibr21-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.83.4.896"},{"key":"bibr22-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674"},{"key":"bibr23-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00202"},{"key":"bibr24-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.5.1061"},{"key":"bibr25-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939308409206"},{"key":"bibr26-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"bibr27-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.133.2.328"},{"key":"bibr28-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","volume-title":"HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling [Computer software]","author":"Raudenbush S.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr29-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.3.790"},{"key":"bibr30-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/270723"},{"key":"bibr31-j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer S. 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