{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T15:10:22Z","timestamp":1783177822011,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]],"date-time":"2008-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Governance"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article applies Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to examine how sub\u2010national education systems affect the extent of social inequality in education within the German federal states. Variations in educational outcomes between the federal states can be primarily attributed to the strict educational decentralization in Germany. We examine four conditions of regional education systems presumed to be relevant for the extent of social inequality in education: the availability of early childhood education, the development of all\u2010day schools, the onset of tracking to different school types, and the degree of tripartition in secondary education. Altogether, we find systematic relationships between the variation of sub\u2010national education systems and the extent of social inequality in education. The results indicate that well\u2010developed early childhood education is necessary for a low degree of educational inequality. However, educational inequality is not directly related to partisan and socioeconomic determinants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0491.2008.01421.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]],"date-time":"2008-12-22T19:18:57Z","timestamp":1229973537000},"page":"47-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Educational Federalism in Germany: Foundations of Social Inequality in Education"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"MARKUS","family":"FREITAG","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RAPHAELA","family":"SCHLICHT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Pierre Bourdieu 2","author":"Archer Margaret","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/esr\/19.1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Dauerhafte Ungleichheiten. Zur Ver\u00e4nderung des Einflusses der Sozialer Herkunft auf die Bildungschancen in Dreizehn Industrialisierten L\u00e4ndern\u201d[Persistent inequalities: The changing impact of social background on educational opportunities in 13 industrialized nations","volume":"39","author":"Blossfeld Hans\u2010Peter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogik [Journal of pedagogy]"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality","author":"Boudon Raymond","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Soziale Ungleichheiten [Social inequalities]","author":"Bourdieu Pierre","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Equality and Achievement in Education","author":"Coleman James Samuel","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2094962"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Determinanten f\u00fcr elterliche Bildungsaspirationen und f\u00fcr Bildungsempfehlungen des Lehrers\u201d[Determinants of parents' educational aspirations and teacher recommendations].\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Ditton Hartmut","year":"1989","journal-title":"Empirische P\u00e4dagogik [Empirical pedagogy]"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"PISA 2003. Der zweite Vergleich der L\u00e4nder in Deutschland\u2014Was wissen und k\u00f6nnen Jugendliche? [PISA 2003. The second comparison of the L\u00e4nder in Germany\u2014What do young people know?]","author":"Ehmke Timo","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research.2003. \u201cGanztagschule. Zeit f\u00fcr mehr\u201d[All\u2010day school. Time for more]. \u3008http:\/\/www.bmbf.de\/pub\/ganztagsschulen\u2010zeit_fuer_mehr.pdf\u3009 (September 10 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1662-6370.2003.tb00403.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Die Demokratien der Bundesl\u00e4nder. Politische Institutionen im Vergleich. Mit einem Vorwort von Arend Lijphart [The democracies of the German L\u00e4nder. A comparison of political institutions. including a preface of Arend Ljiphart]","author":"Freitag Markus","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02686312"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/591365"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"698","article-title":"Mehr Chancengleichheit im Bildungssystem.\u201d[Equal opportunities in the education systems]","volume":"37","author":"Handl Johann","year":"1985","journal-title":"K\u00f6lner Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie [Cologne journal of sociology and social psychology]"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123400007894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-005-0132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.22.1.153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/321300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Mahoney James andGaryGoertz.2006. \u201cA Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research.\u201d \u3008http:\/\/www.compasss.org\/MahoneyGoertz2006.pdf\u3009 (September 10 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"TIMSS 1999. 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The second comparison of the L\u00e4nder in Germany\u2014What do young people know?]","author":"Prenzel Manfred","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"Fuzzy\u2010Set Social Science","author":"Ragin Charles C","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpj019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Ragin Charles C.2007. \u201cFuzzy Sets: Calibration versus Measurement.\u201d \u3008http:\/\/www.u.arizona.edu\/~cragin\/fsQCA\/download\/Calibration.pdf\u3009 (September 10 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-28829-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0491.2005.00274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.2007.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11577-000-0102-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.33.040406.131731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) und fs\/QCA: Ein Lehrbuch f\u00fcr Anwender und jene, die es werden wollen\u201d[QCA and fs\/QCA: A textbook for users and those who strive to be]","author":"Schneider Carsten Q.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz Gabriela HeinrichUrsprung andLudgerW\u00f6\u00dfmann.2005. \u201cEducation Policy and Equality of Opportunity.\u201d \u3008http:\/\/www.cesifo\u2010group.de\/portal\/page?_pageid=36 425831&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL\u3009 (September 10 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","volume-title":"Institutionalisierte Ungleichheiten [Institutionalized inequalities]","author":"Solga Heike","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11618-001-0008-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/353735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"Von Below Susanne 2002.Bildungssysteme und soziale Ungleichheit. 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