{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:10:10Z","timestamp":1768918210883,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]],"date-time":"2006-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine factors associated with diabetes, insulin resistance, and abnormal glucose tolerance in older men with or at risk of HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes was assessed by self\u2010report in 643 men \u226549 years old with or at risk of HIV infection. In a subset of 216 men without previously diagnosed diabetes [including 90 HIV\u2010uninfected men, 28 HIV\u2010infected, antiretroviral\u2010naive men, 28 HIV\u2010infected men taking non\u2010protease inhibitor (PI)\u2010containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and 70 HIV\u2010infected men taking PI\u2010containing HAART], an oral glucose tolerance test with insulin levels was performed. HIV serology, CD4 cell count, weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Antiretroviral use, drug use, family history of diabetes, physical activity and sociodemographic data were obtained using standardized interviews.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 643 participants, 116 (18%) had previously diagnosed diabetes. With the oral glucose tolerance test, 15 of 216 men (7%) were found to have undiagnosed diabetes and 40 (18%) impaired glucose tolerance. Factors independently associated with previously diagnosed diabetes included use of non\u2010PI\u2010containing HAART, methadone treatment, positive CAGE test for alcoholism, obesity and family history of diabetes. Factors independently associated with greater insulin resistance included waist circumference and heroin use. Factors independently associated with abnormal glucose tolerance (impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes) included age \u226555 years and Hispanic ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV\u2010infected men with diabetes risk factors should undergo screening for diabetes regardless of HAART use. Interventions targeting modifiable risk factors, including overweight and physical inactivity, are warranted. The potential impact of opiate and alcohol abuse on glucose metabolism should be recognized in clinical care, and addressed in future research studies of HIV\u2010infected persons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00398.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]],"date-time":"2006-07-24T22:17:54Z","timestamp":1153779474000},"page":"389-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Abnormal glucose metabolism among older men with or at risk of HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"AA","family":"Howard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Floris\u2010Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JH","family":"Arnsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RS","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199815000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"2093","article-title":"Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV\u20101 protease\u2010inhibitor\u2010associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"353","author":"Carr A","year":"1999","journal-title":"a cohort study"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199907090-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.13.2050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200303010-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000228200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429824"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000147659.80642.5a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498311"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"1905","article-title":"Detecting alcoholism","volume":"252","author":"Ewing JA.","year":"1984","journal-title":"the CAGE questionnaire"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"1121","article-title":"The CAGE questionnaire","volume":"131","author":"Mayfield D","year":"1974","journal-title":"validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus","volume":"727","author":"World Health Organization Study Group.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Techn Report Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"412","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment","volume":"28","author":"Matthews DR","year":"1985","journal-title":"insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.2007.S11","article-title":"Screening for type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"American Diabetes Association.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"833","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults \u2013 United States, 1999\u20132000","volume":"52","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","unstructured":"SabinC Friis\u2010MollerN ReissPet al. 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