{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T12:36:12Z","timestamp":1771936572733,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the rate of, and factors associated with, elevated prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) levels in older men with or at risk of HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using a cross\u2010sectional analysis, we interviewed 534 men \u226549 years old at risk for HIV infection on demographics, behaviours and medical history. Laboratory testing included serum PSA level and HIV serology, and T\u2010cell subsets for those who were HIV seropositive. Elevated PSA level was defined as &gt;4.0\u2003ng\/mL, and men with elevated PSA levels were referred for urological evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifteen per cent of men were white, 55% black, and 23% Hispanic; median age was 53 years (range 49\u201380 years); 74% were sexually active; 65% currently smoked cigarettes; and 16% had taken androgens. Among 310 HIV\u2010positive men, CD4 counts were &gt;500 cells\/\u03bcL in 31%, 200\u2013500\u2003cells\/\u03bcL in 51%, and &lt;200\u2003cells\/\u03bcL in 19%. Twenty men (4%) had elevated PSA. On univariate analysis, only older age was significantly associated with elevated PSA, and there was no significant difference in the number of men with elevated PSA between HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative men (nine of 310 vs 11 of 224; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.28). On multivariate analysis, older age remained the only variable associated with elevated PSA level [reference group \u226450 years; adjusted odds ratio (OR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub>) 1.0 for age 51\u201360 years; OR<jats:sub>adj<\/jats:sub> 5.9 (95% confidence interval 1.2\u201330.1) for age \u226561 years] adjusted for HIV status, family history of prostate cancer, and androgen use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among older men, PSA levels increased with age but did not differ by HIV status. The clinical use of PSA levels in older men currently do not need to be modified for those with HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2006.00410.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T14:58:13Z","timestamp":1156258693000},"page":"471-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Serum prostate\u2010specific antigen levels in older men with or at risk of HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"LE","family":"Vianna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RS","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"1993 revised classification for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200304150-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200407010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"563","article-title":"Human retroviruses","volume":"111","author":"Blattner WA.","year":"1999","journal-title":"their role in cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206815"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"435","article-title":"Increased incidence of pathological and clinical prostate cancer with age","volume":"172","author":"Leibovitz A","year":"2004","journal-title":"age related alterations of local immune surveillance"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"AIDS\u2010related tumors","volume":"41","author":"Tirelli U","year":"2002","journal-title":"integrating antiviral and anticancer therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(01)00104-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(01)00254-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Cancer in older persons","volume":"31","author":"Yancik R","year":"2004","journal-title":"an international issue in an aging world"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2003.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.22.1823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200409000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"425","article-title":"Cancer risk in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study","volume":"97","author":"Clifford GM","year":"2005","journal-title":"associations with immunodeficiency, smoking, and highly active antiretroviral therapy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OLQ.0000109515.75864.2B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Trends in AIDS\u2010defining and non\u2010AIDS\u2010defining malignancies among HIV\u2010infected patients","volume":"39","author":"Bedimo R","year":"2004","journal-title":"1989\u20132002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Prostate Cancer: The Public Health Perspective (Fact Sheet 2003).http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/prostate\/prostate.htm2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200208160-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199606001-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003310-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205240-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"182","article-title":"To screen or not to screen, when clinical guidelines disagree","volume":"38","author":"Purvis Cooper C","year":"2004","journal-title":"primary care physicians' use of the PSA test"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Screening for prostate cancer","volume":"31","author":"Wilson SS","year":"2004","journal-title":"current recommendations"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)40211-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"The epidemiology of prostate cancer. 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