{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:38:58Z","timestamp":1791283138443,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,22]],"date-time":"2012-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1350864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>The aim of the study was to assess the separate contributions of smoking, diabetes and hypertension to acute coronary syndrome (ACS<\/jats:styled-content>) in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected adults relative to uninfected adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Two parallel case\u2013control studies were carried out. In the first study, HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults diagnosed with ACS<\/jats:styled-content> between 1997 and 2009 (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content>) were matched for age, gender and known duration of HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection with HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults without ACS<\/jats:styled-content> (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content>), each individual in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> group being matched with three individuals in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content> group. In the second study, each individual in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> group in the first study was matched for age, gender and calendar date of ACS<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis with three HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative individuals diagnosed with ACS<\/jats:styled-content> between 1997 and 2009 (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content>). Each individual in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> group was then matched for age and gender with an HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative adult without ACS<\/jats:styled-content> (HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content>). After matching, the ratio of numbers of individuals in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content>, HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content>, HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> and HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content> groups was therefore 1\u2009:\u20093\u2009:\u20093\u2009:\u20093, respectively. We performed logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors for ACS<\/jats:styled-content> in each case\u2013control study and calculated population attributable risks (PARs<\/jats:styled-content>) for smoking, diabetes and hypertension in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive and HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were 57 subjects in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> group, 173 in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>+\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content> group, 168 in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/ACS<\/jats:styled-content> group, and 171 in the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013\/noACS<\/jats:styled-content> group. Independent risk factors for ACS<\/jats:styled-content> were smoking [odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>) 4.091; 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 2.086\u20138.438; P\u2009<\/jats:italic><\u20090.0001] and a family history of cardiovascular disease (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 7.676; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.976\u201332.168; P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.0003) in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive subjects, and smoking (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 4.310; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.425\u20137.853; P\u2009<\/jats:italic><\u20090.0001), diabetes (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 5.778; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.393\u201315.422; P\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.0002) and hypertension (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 6.589; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 3.554\u201312.700; P\u2009<\/jats:italic><\u20090.0001) in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative subjects. PARs<\/jats:styled-content> for smoking, diabetes and hypertension were 54.35 and 30.58, 6.57 and 17.24, and 9.07 and 38.81% in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive and HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative individuals, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The contribution of smoking to ACS<\/jats:styled-content> in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults was generally greater than the contributions of diabetes and hypertension, and was almost twice as high as that in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative adults. Development of effective smoking cessation strategies should be prioritized to prevent cardiovascular disease in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2012.01057.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,23]],"date-time":"2012-10-23T01:51:28Z","timestamp":1350957088000},"page":"40-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Differences between HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected and uninfected adults in the contributions of smoking, diabetes and hypertension to acute coronary syndrome: two parallel case\u2013control studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Calvo\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic\u2010IDIBAPS University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Perell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital 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