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The specific questions addressed by this study were which treatments for dystonia have proven efficacy and which of them have unproven results. Following evidence\u2010based principles, a literature review based on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, augmented by manual search of the most important journals was performed to identify the relevant publications issued between 1973 and 2003. All articles appearing in the professional English literature, including case reports, were considered. In the presence of comparable studies the meta\u2010analysis was performed to obtain pooled information and make a reasonable inference. Based on this review, we conclude: (i) botulinum toxin has obvious benefit (level A, class I\u2013II evidence) for the treatment of cervical dystonia and blepharospasm; (ii) trihexyphenidyl in high dosages is effective for the treatment of segmental and generalized dystonia in young patients (level A, class I\u2013II evidence); (iii) all other methods of pharmacological intervention for generalized or focal dystonia, including botulinum toxin injections, have not been confirmed as being effective according to accepted evidence\u2010based criteria (level U, class IV studies).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00845.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,26]],"date-time":"2004-05-26T12:06:41Z","timestamp":1085573201000},"page":"361-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Efficacy of pharmacological treatment of dystonia: evidence\u2010based review including 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