{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T07:41:30Z","timestamp":1770018090972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,11]],"date-time":"2006-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1147305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common disorder which typically occurs during childhood or early adolescence. There is no definitive diagnostic test for TS. The objective of this study was to demonstrate whether neurophysiological abnormalities of the blink reflex can be observed in children with TS. We enrolled 15 children with TS, diagnosed according to DSM IV Diagnostic Criteria, and 15 controls. The blink reflex was elicited by stimulating the supraorbital nerve in order to measure the early response (R1), homolateral and contralateral R2 (late) responses, amplitude of R1 and duration of R2. The mean duration of R2 was significantly longer in TS patients than in the controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001, Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test). An abnormal pattern of the blink reflex can be, even in childhood, an early neurophysiologic marker of TS, which is not related to the duration of TS or to the age of onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2006.01378.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,11]],"date-time":"2006-05-11T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1147337974000},"page":"869-873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blink reflex abnormalities in children with Tourette syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Raffaele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Rampello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Vecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Alvano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Maci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Perciavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70043-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","volume-title":"Advances in Neurology","author":"Cohen DJ","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"\u00c9tude sur une affection nerveuse caracteris\u00e9e par incoordination motrice accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9cholalie et de coprolalie","volume":"9","author":"Gilles de la Tourette G.","year":"1885","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"261","article-title":"The epidemiology of tics and Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Scahill L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phenomenology of tics and natural history of tic disorders","volume":"85","author":"Leckman JF","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"281","article-title":"Update on the genetics of Tourette syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Pauls DL.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.414"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"273","article-title":"Epigenetic and environmental risk factors in Tourette syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Walkup JT.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.4.813"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Differential diagnosis and etiology of tics","volume":"85","author":"Jankovic J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"237","article-title":"Neurophysiology of tics","volume":"85","author":"Hallett M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advances in Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.7.895"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","first-page":"105","article-title":"The excitability of blink reflexes in patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders","volume":"34","author":"Hatanaka T","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00359-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198907000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","first-page":"351","article-title":"Le r\u00e8flexe de clignement chez l'homme. 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