{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:53:41Z","timestamp":1782320021187,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and purpose:\u2002<\/jats:bold> To report a 37\u2010year observational experience in Latvia relating the incidence of human tick\u2010borne encephalitis (TBE) and its clinical manifestations, to the field abundance of ticks.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Tick abundance was measured by standard flagging techniques. Incidence of human tick\u2010borne disease was derived from Public Health reporting data. Clinical and follow\u2010up data were determined from hospital cohorts from 1973 to 2009.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Two TBE incidence peaks in the mid\u20101970s and the 1990s correlated with increased field abundance of ticks. Increased human TBE in the 1970s was associated with higher field abundance of both <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>I.\u00a0Persulcatus.<\/jats:italic> The 1990s peak was particularly associated with <jats:italic>I.\u00a0ricinus,<\/jats:italic> the species predominating in western\/central Latvia, and with other factors, including changed agricultural land usage. Proportions of patients with meningitic or focal forms of TBE were similar in the two outbreaks and the intervening periods. Meningeal irritation occurred in 90%, altered consciousness in 19%, ataxia in 34%, seizures in 9%, bulbar features in 2\u20133% and limb weakness in 15% with shoulder amyotrophy predominating in 5%. Annual mortality varied from 0 to 1.3% and was not related to the overall incidence of TBE. Follow\u2010up for 1\u201313\u2003years of a cohort of 100 patients revealed long\u2010term sequelae in over 50%, more commonly in those suffering focal forms of acute TBE.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Clinical features and mortality of the 1970s and 1990s TBE outbreaks were similar and did not point to a change in virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03434.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]],"date-time":"2011-05-25T16:05:32Z","timestamp":1306339532000},"page":"62-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Tick\u2010borne encephalitis in Latvia 1973\u20132009: epidemiology, clinical features and sequelae"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Karelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bormane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Logina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Lucenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Suna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Krumina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Donaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-1-179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.9.4336-4342.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"24.06","article-title":"Tick\u2010borne encephalitis in Latvia","volume":"8","author":"Lucenko I","year":"2004","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01923553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","volume-title":"Lyme Borreliosis and Tick\u2010Borne Encephalitis","author":"Oschmann P","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00811-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549609027160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/342059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","volume-title":"Scales and Scores in Neurology","author":"Masur H","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","volume-title":"Characteristics of Neurological Manifestations of Tick Transmitted Diseases in Latvia","author":"Karelis G","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","unstructured":"EninaG LoginaI SmeltereE et\u00a0al.Data from neurological clinics of Riga on the forms of disease caused by tick\u2010borne encephalitis virus. 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