{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:09:45Z","timestamp":1793970585570,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,21]],"date-time":"2011-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Euro J of Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and purpose:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Studying patients with secondary movement disorders (SMD) provides a unique opportunity to determine the correlation between the etiology and phenomenology of movement disorders.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This was a prospective study of 103 patients (43 women, 60 men; age\u2003=\u200328.7\u2003\u00b1\u200317.3\u2003years; range\u2003=\u20032\u201370\u2003years) with SMD, in a tertiary hospital over 4\u2003years.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The mean age of onset of SMD was 24.3\u2003\u00b1\u200319.7\u2003years, and duration of symptoms was 4.3\u2003\u00b1\u20037.1\u2003years (42\u2003days to 40\u2003years). Patients with pure tremor, pure dystonia (DYS), or a combination of tremor with dystonia had longest latency (10.9\u201318.5\u2003months), whereas those with parkinsonism (PAR) and hemiballismus (HMB) had shorter latency (2.7\u20133.0\u2003weeks). Pure dystonia was most prevalent (30.1%) followed by dystonia plus (13.6%), tremor (12.6%), PAR (11.7%), HMB (8.7%), mixed SMD (7.8%), tremor with dystonia (6.8%), myoclonus (5.8%), and chorea (2.9%). In approximately 60% of patients, the underlying etiologies were vascular (VAS), infections, and space\u2010occupying lesions (SOL), and 25% had SMD following trauma or hypoxia (HYP). With reference to specific etiologies, the most frequent SMDs were tremor following SOL (46%), post\u2010traumatic syndromes (25%), dystonia following HYP (56%), VAS lesions (50%), and infections (28%). With reference to specific SMDs, the most common etiologies were VAS for dystonia (39%), SOL for tremor (67%), and PAR (31%), and both SOL and trauma (37.5% each) for tremor with dystonia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our study highlights the spectrum of SMDs and the lack of correlation between types of SMDs and underlying etiologies. Preventable causes such as infections, HYP, trauma, and kernicterus still play a major role in pathogenesis of SMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03469.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,21]],"date-time":"2011-07-21T07:27:47Z","timestamp":1311233267000},"page":"226-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["A clinical profile of 103 patients with secondary movement disorders: correlation of etiology with phenomenology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Netravathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. 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