{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:04:41Z","timestamp":1761894281118},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]],"date-time":"2006-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prion diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals. The oral route is clearly associated with some prion diseases, according to the dissemination of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or mad cow disease) in cattle and kuru in humans. However, other prion diseases such as scrapie (in sheep) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) (in cervids) cannot be explained in this way and are probably more associated with a pattern of horizontal transmission in both domestic and wild animals. The skin and mucous membranes are a potential target for prion infections because keratinocytes and lymphocytes are susceptible to the abnormal infective isoform of the prion protein. Iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease (CJD) was also recognized after corneal transplants in humans and scrapie was successfully transmitted to mice after ocular instillation of infected brain tissue, confirming that these new routes could also be important in prion infections. Some ectoparasites have been proven to harbour prion rods in laboratory experiments. Prion rods were identified in both fly larvae and pupae; adult flies are also able to express prion proteins. The most common causes of myiasis in cattle and sheep, closely related animals with previous prion infections, are <jats:italic>Hypoderma bovis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Oestrus ovis<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Both species of flies present a life cycle very different from human myiasis, as they have a long contact with neurological structures, such as spinal canal and epidural fat, which are potentially rich in prion rods. Ophthalmomyiases in humans is commonly caused by both species of fly larvae worldwide, providing almost direct contact with the central nervous system (CNS). The high expression of the prion protein on the skin and mucosa and the severity of the inflammatory response to the larvae could readily increase the efficiency of transmission of prions in both animals and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01595.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]],"date-time":"2006-05-05T14:30:27Z","timestamp":1146839427000},"page":"1037-1045","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Myiasis as a risk factor for prion diseases in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"O","family":"Lupi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.120624"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Epidemics of BSE and nvCJD in humans. Most recent findings on prion diseases","volume":"92","author":"Calza L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Recent Prog Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35087720"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Fly larvae and pupae as vectors for scrapie","volume":"122","author":"Post K","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009013157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90310-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Potential role of mites as vector for scrapie transmission","volume":"3","author":"Rubenstein R","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65720-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(18)30136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.13.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"81","article-title":"Nosocomial myiasis in Central Europe","volume":"44","author":"Minar J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis and nasal myiasis in New Zealand: a case series","volume":"112","author":"MacDonald PJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/161.8.495","article-title":"Myiasis in humans: an overview and a report of two cases in the Republic of Panama","volume":"161","author":"Powers NR","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2004.00315.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00387-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.42.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","first-page":"272","article-title":"Intracranial myiasis by Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus) in a horse","volume":"67","author":"Hadlow WJ","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"Intraocular localization of Hypoderma bovis","volume":"102","author":"Rafikov BM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vestn Oftalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"397","article-title":"Wandering larvae of Hypoderma bovis in the spinal canal of young cattle","volume":"80","author":"Meyer L","year":"1973","journal-title":"Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"543","article-title":"Effect of climate on the extensity of invasion with subcutaneous larvae of Hypoderma bovis (de Geer, 1776)","volume":"18","author":"Derylo A","year":"1972","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Dynamics of infestation of cattle with Hypoderma bovis de Geer, 1776. 2. Occurrence of larvae I in the spinal canal and localization of the grubs in cattle","volume":"24","author":"Hiepe T","year":"1969","journal-title":"Monatsh Veterinarmed"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","first-page":"585","article-title":"Studies on the incidence of the larvae of Hypoderma bovis in the spinal canal of cattle","volume":"30","author":"Maranski C","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Neuroveg (Wien)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","first-page":"113","article-title":"Hypoderma bovis, cattle warble fly (morphology and biology)","volume":"21","author":"Martynowicz T","year":"1975","journal-title":"Wiad Parazytol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-198600620-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1057616"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ocular myiasis Hypoderma bovis in a child with mucoviscidosis","volume":"31","author":"Feigelson J","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","first-page":"778","article-title":"A case of intra\u2010ocular myiasis due to Hypoderma bovis","volume":"2","author":"Sachs W","year":"1966","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.4.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Intraocular myiasis caused by Hypodermatidae","volume":"93","author":"Reny A","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull Mem Soc Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(03)80096-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","first-page":"188","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis externa due to the sheep botfly Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) in southwest Germany","volume":"4","author":"Grammer J","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ger J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050891"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","first-page":"176","article-title":"Incidence of ocular myiasis due to infection with the larva of oestrus ovis (Oestridae diptera)","volume":"39","author":"Narayanan S","year":"1991","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"A case of ophthalmomyiasis in man by Oestrus ovis Linnaeus in Tehran (Insecta: Diptera, Oestridae)","volume":"20","author":"Janbakhsh B","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Med Iran"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Conjunctival myiasis. 23 cases in the Tunisian Sahel","volume":"66","author":"Zayani A","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125000000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Cerebral cuterebrosis in a dog","volume":"189","author":"Sartin EA","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71240-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.IOP.0000139526.01850.D1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.2.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/142.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(95)00379-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2003.01819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn751"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-004-1131-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.10.892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","first-page":"478","article-title":"Danger of accidental person\u2010to\u2010person transmission of CJD by surgery","volume":"1","author":"Bernouilli C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(93)90055-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","first-page":"825","article-title":"The first Canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of BSE in the United Kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer","volume":"45","author":"Stack MJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","first-page":"345","article-title":"Washington state dairy cow nation's first case of BSE","volume":"224","author":"Nolen RS","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-232R"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"The serological incidence of Hypoderma bovis in cattle in England and Wales in spring 1989","volume":"126","author":"Sinclair IJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.2.210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","first-page":"539","article-title":"Bovine hypodermosis in north\u2010eastern Algeria: prevalence and intensity of infestation","volume":"30","author":"Benakhla A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1989.71.6.0929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Hypoderma bovis meningitis. Apropos of new pediatric case","volume":"30","author":"Labbe A","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01001755"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","first-page":"612","article-title":"A case of penetration of Hypoderma lineatum de Villers larva into the human brain","volume":"38","author":"Semenov PV","year":"1969","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2001144"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00208.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00317-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00058-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","first-page":"855","article-title":"Oestrid head maggots in slaughtered sheep in Cairo abattoir","volume":"27","author":"Amin AR","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Myiasis caused by Oestridae: serological and molecular diagnosis","volume":"46","author":"Otranto D","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)30934-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(02)00056-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","first-page":"3042","article-title":"Transmission of the 263k scrapie strain by the dental route","volume":"80","author":"Ingrosso L","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"A first record from Thailand of human external ophthalmomyiasis due to Oestrus ovis","volume":"29","author":"Nacapunchai D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.11.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"A case of external ophthalmomyiasis by Oestrus ovis, Linne, 1758 caught on the Nice beach","volume":"38","author":"Le Fichoux Y","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1983.tb99370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis and nasal myiasis in New Zealand: a case series","volume":"112","author":"Macdonald PJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","first-page":"415","article-title":"Persistence of human myiasis by Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera: Oestridae) among shepherds of the Etnean area (Sicily) for over 150 years","volume":"39","author":"Pampiglione S","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.46"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis in Hawaii","volume":"63","author":"Kajioka EH","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hawaii Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"External ophthalmomyiasis, a disease established in Hawaii","volume":"56","author":"Yoshimoto CM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hawaii Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis caused by Oestrus ovis in a 3\u2010year\u2010old boy","volume":"115","author":"Prosl H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.opx.0000141793.10845.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis in Kuwait: first report of infections due to the larvae of Oestrus ovis before and after the Gulf conflict","volume":"96","author":"Hira PR","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/156.8.438","article-title":"Ophthalmomyiasis during Operation Desert Shield","volume":"156","author":"Torok PG","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198603000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Prion diseases and the immune system","volume":"289","author":"Aucouturier P","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-7-1595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2003.00694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/380675a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_2","first-page":"193","article-title":"Chronic wasting disease of cervids","volume":"284","author":"Miller WM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_2","first-page":"478","article-title":"Danger of accidental person\u2010to\u2010person transmission of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease by surgery","volume":"1","author":"Bernouilli C","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.5.532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15486-X"}],"container-title":["Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2006.01595.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01595.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T18:16:11Z","timestamp":1697048171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01595.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01595.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01595.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9959","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,5]]}}}