{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:05:37Z","timestamp":1785859537611,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acad Dermatol Venereol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Extra\u2010facial melasma is a prevalent dermatosis in some populations with special characteristics in relation to its clinical aspects and probable etiopathogenic factors. Few studies have attempted to address this alteration of pigmentation, which has become a challenge in clinical Dermatology.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To assess the clinical histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of extra\u2010facial melasma, comparing affected, and unaffected sites.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Case\u2010control study with 45 patients in each group (melasma and disease\u2010free volunteers), assessing their clinical characteristics. In 36 patients, biopsies were performed on the lesion and the normal perilesional skin. Specimens were stained with HE and Fontana\u2010Masson, and melanocytes analysed by immunohistochemistry. Objective measurements were accomplished by a specifically designed image analysis software.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The melasma group had a mean age\u2003\u00b1\u2003SD of 56.67\u2003\u00b1\u20038\u2003years, the majority of them were women (86.7%) and 82.1% of the female cases had reached menopause. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of presence of comorbidities, use of medications or hormone therapies. For extra\u2010facial melasma patients, family history of this dermatose and of previous facial melasma was significantly higher than in the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). The HE staining showed increased rectification and basal hyperpigmentation, solar elastosis, and collagen degeneration in the pigmented area (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). There was a significant increase in melanin density in melasma biopsies, but the immunohistochemical tests did not detect a difference between the groups in terms of number of melanocytes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> Extra\u2010facial melasma appears to be related to menopause, family history, and personal history of facial melasma, in the studied population. Histopathology revealed a pattern similar to what has been described for facial melasma, with signs of solar degeneration, and a similar number of melanocytes, when comparing patients, and controls, suggesting that the hyperpigmentation is most likely the result of abnormal melanin production or distribution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04655.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]],"date-time":"2012-07-24T12:23:26Z","timestamp":1343132606000},"page":"1088-1094","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Extra\u2010facial melasma: clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C.G.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.V.C.","family":"Fiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.A.T.","family":"Borges da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.R.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Bauermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.F.","family":"Cestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2007.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1997.tb01097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1999.03078.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2000.103273"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.dad.0000154419.18653.2e"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0007-0963.2001.04556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181cd4396"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962007000600005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)70071-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.54993"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Aferi\u00e7\u00e3o da qualidade de vida na avalia\u00e7\u00e3o global do paciente dermatol\u00f3gico","volume":"26","author":"Weber M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista do HCPA"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0066-782X2004001700009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2008.02885.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","article-title":"Clinical patterns and epidemiological characteristics of facial melasma in Brazilian women","author":"Tamega AD","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.01.009"}],"container-title":["Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1468-3083.2012.04655.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04655.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T22:59:04Z","timestamp":1696287544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04655.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04655.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04655.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-9959","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,24]]}}}