{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T16:04:17Z","timestamp":1782230657796,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3683,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,2]],"date-time":"2004-11-02T10:21:05Z","timestamp":1099390865000},"page":"999-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a tertiary hospital in Crete, Greece: a cluster of cases and prevalence study on intestinal colonisation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Christidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Scoulica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pediaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Roumbelaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Georgiladakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Tselentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.6.4.428","article-title":"An overview of nosocomial infections, including the role of the microbiology laboratory","volume":"6","author":"Emori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.6.1173","article-title":"Emergence of Enterococcus as a significant pathogen","volume":"14","author":"Moellering","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib3","first-page":"597","article-title":"Nosocomial enterococci resistant to vancomycin\u2014United States, 1989\u20131993","volume":"42","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_1.S80","article-title":"Enterococci acquire new kinds of resistance","volume":"24","author":"Leclercq","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91037-9","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"i","author":"Uttley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807213190307","article-title":"Plasmidmediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin of Enterococcus faecium","volume":"319","author":"Leclercq","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.11.2842-2846.1995","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients","volume":"33","author":"Gordts","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.8.2187-2190.1998","article-title":"Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Australia: phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of isolates","volume":"36","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.3.415","article-title":"In-vitro activities of 11 antibiotics against vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated in Japan","volume":"44","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.905-909.2000","article-title":"Epidemiology of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci colonizing high-risk patients in hospitals in Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa","volume":"38","author":"Von Gottberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.4.993","article-title":"Epidemiology and mortality risk of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal blood stream infections","volume":"172","author":"Shay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.5.1126","article-title":"Vancomycinresistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia: risk factors for infection","volume":"20","author":"Edmont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.620-624.2000","article-title":"Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in fecal samples from hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized controls in a cattle-rearing area in France","volume":"38","author":"Gambarotto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00002","article-title":"Enterococci resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, including vancomycin. Establishment of endemicity in a university medical center","volume":"123","author":"Morris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/34.4.507","article-title":"Farm animals as a putative reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infection in man","volume":"34","author":"Bates","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.1995.1.255","article-title":"Occurrence of glycopeptide resistance among E. faecium isolates from conventional and ecological poultry farms","volume":"1","author":"Aarestrup","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.9.2005","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance gene vanC is specific to Enterococcus gallinarum","volume":"36","author":"Leclercq","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.8.1788","article-title":"Analysis of genes encoding d-alanine\u2013d-alanine ligase-related enzymes in. Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus flavescens","volume":"38","author":"Navarro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198807213190307","article-title":"Plasmidmediated resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin in E","volume":"319","author":"Leclercq","year":"1988","journal-title":"Faecium. N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.8.1563","article-title":"Genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci","volume":"37","author":"Arthur","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.9.2016","article-title":"VanD-type glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4339","volume":"41","author":"Perichon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2161","article-title":"VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405","volume":"43","author":"Fines","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.11.2311","article-title":"Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from US hospitals","volume":"37","author":"Clark","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-50-8-682","article-title":"Characterization of VanA and VanB elements from glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium from Greece","volume":"50","author":"Demertzi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4571","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4571-4574.2001","article-title":"Dissemination of clonally unrelated erythromycin- and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates in a tertiary Greek hospital","volume":"39","author":"Maniatis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib26","first-page":"25758","article-title":"Preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance\u2014report from the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee","volume":"59","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fed Reg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1086\/647066","article-title":"Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance","volume":"16","author":"Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.3.751-752.1996","article-title":"Comparison of five selective media for identifying fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"34","author":"Landman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.5.1436-1440.1999","article-title":"Comparison of direct plating and broth enrichment culture for the detection of intestinal colonization by glycopeptide-resistant enterococci among hospitalized patients","volume":"37","author":"Ieven","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib30","series-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Approved standard M2-A6","author":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.12.3336-3339.1993","article-title":"Reliability of the E test for detection of ampicillin, vancomycin, and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus spp","volume":"31","author":"Shulz","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.4.731-734.1989","article-title":"Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from human infections by conventional test scheme","volume":"27","author":"Facklam","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib33","series-title":"Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A4","author":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.3092-3095.2000","article-title":"Simple and reliable multiplex PCR assay for surveillance isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"38","author":"Kariyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib35","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Insights into the epidemiology and control of infection with vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"31","author":"Hayden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/647028","article-title":"Controlling vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"16","author":"Boyce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.5.1148-1153.1994","article-title":"Outbreak of multidrug resistant Enterococcus faecium with transferable VanB class vancomycin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Boyce","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib38","first-page":"680","article-title":"Natural history of colonization with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium","volume":"16","author":"Montecalvo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.2.362","article-title":"Heterogeneity of the vanA gene in clinical isolates of enterococci from the Northeastern United States","volume":"39","author":"Handwerger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3026-3031.1997","article-title":"Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in The Netherlands","volume":"35","author":"Endtz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960000390","article-title":"Prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Europe","volume":"19","author":"Schouten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1997.tb00594.x","article-title":"Colonization by vancomycin-resistant enterococci of the intestinal tract of patients in intensive care units from French general hospitals","volume":"3","author":"Boisivon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.9.2342-2347.1997","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of enterococci in Cincinnati, Ohio: prospective citywide survey","volume":"35","author":"Perlada","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.1.45","article-title":"Stool carriage, clinical isolation, and mortality during an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized medical and\/or surgical patients","volume":"21","author":"Wells","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91285-T","article-title":"Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in New York City","volume":"342","author":"Frieden","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.10.2572-2576.1996","article-title":"Survey of enterococcal susceptibility patterns in Belgium","volume":"34","author":"Vandamme","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1129","article-title":"Influence of oral glycopeptides on the fecal flora of human volunteers: selection of highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococci","volume":"173","author":"Van der Auwera","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07353.x","article-title":"vanA-mediated high-level glycopeptide resistance in E. faecium from husbandry","volume":"125","author":"Klare","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.7.2774-2777.2000","article-title":"Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium (GRE) from broilers and pigs in Denmark: genetic evidence that persistence of GRE in pig herds is associated with coselection by resistance to macrolides","volume":"38","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.7.2054-2059.2001","article-title":"Effect of abolishment of the use of antimicrobial agents for growth promotion on occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in fecal enterococci from food animals in Denmark","volume":"45","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X14637113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X14637113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:18:31Z","timestamp":1761117511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X14637113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X14637113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a tertiary hospital in Crete, Greece: a cluster of cases and prevalence study on intestinal colonisation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00992.x","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}