{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:50:06Z","timestamp":1792601406710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,30]],"date-time":"2014-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1339,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,24]],"date-time":"2011-01-24T17:33:25Z","timestamp":1295890405000},"page":"494-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":371,"title":["Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"R.A.","family":"Hartskeerl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Collares-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.A.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Leptospirosis worldwide, 1999","volume":"74","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib2","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70211-7","article-title":"The potential emergence of leptospirosis in Sri Lanka","volume":"9","author":"Agampodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2009.474","article-title":"Serological and genetic analysis of leptospirosis in patients with acute febrile illness in Kandy, Sri Lanka","volume":"62","author":"Koizumi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61888-2","article-title":"Philippines struggles to recover from typhoons","volume":"9700","author":"McCurry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib7","series-title":"Human Leptospirosis: Guidance for Diagnosis, Surveillance and Control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30532-6","article-title":"Leptospirosis as a cause of reproductive failure","volume":"10","author":"Ellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Clin N Am \u2013 Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31717-X","article-title":"Excretion of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo following calving or abortion","volume":"39","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.11.294","article-title":"Isolation of leptospires from the genital tract and kidneys of aborted sows","volume":"118","author":"Ellis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.20.563","article-title":"Boars as carriers of leptospires of the Australis serogroup on farms with an abortion problem","volume":"118","author":"Ellis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib13","first-page":"e612","article-title":"Asymptomatic renal colonization of humans in the Peruvian Amazon by Leptospira","volume":"4","author":"Ganoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS NTD"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib14","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Experimentally induced predator chain transmission of Leptospira grippotyphosa from rodents to wild marsupialia and carnivora","volume":"31","author":"Reilly","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib15","first-page":"109","article-title":"Fatal leptospirosis, Azores Islands","volume":"76","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib16","series-title":"International Course on Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis, Course Manual","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.07.006","article-title":"Human Leptospirosis in Portugal: a retrospective study of eighteen years","volume":"10","author":"Vieira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib18","first-page":"94","article-title":"Leptospirose: een onderschatte infectieziekte","volume":"11","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.399","article-title":"Increase of leptospirosis in dengue\u2010negative patients after a hurricane in Puerto Rica in 1996","volume":"61","author":"Sanders","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9","article-title":"Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Salvador Leptospirosis Study Group","volume":"354","author":"Ko","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91167-8","article-title":"Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995","volume":"347","author":"Zaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5484-5488.2004","article-title":"Impact of proficiency testing on results of the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis","volume":"42","author":"Chappel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1086\/324084","article-title":"Assessment of the clinical presentation and treatment of 353 cases of laboratory\u2010confirmed leptospirosis in Hawaii, 1874\u20101998","volume":"33","author":"Katz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91230-5","article-title":"Placebo\u2010controlled trial of intravenous penicillin for severe and late leptospirosis","volume":"1","author":"Watt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib26","series-title":"Advies Leptospirose","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030790","article-title":"Salmonella\u2010based rodenticides and public health","volume":"10","author":"Painter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Em Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31716-8","article-title":"Dihydrostreptomycin treatment of bovine carriers of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo","volume":"39","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib29","first-page":"11","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"Vol. II","author":"O.I.E. (Office International des Epizooties)","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.01.161","article-title":"Effect of vaccination with a pentovalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo\u2010bovis infection of pregnant cattle","volume":"50","author":"Bolin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.995","article-title":"Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent venal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo","volume":"62","author":"Bolin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib32","first-page":"10601","article-title":"Immunity to bovine leptospirosis","author":"Ellis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of 21st World Buiatrics Congress"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.10.089","article-title":"Leptospira immunoglobulin\u2010like protein A variable region (LigAvar) incorporated in liposomes and PLGA microspheres produces a robust immune response correlating to protective immunity","volume":"3","author":"Faisal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00439-0","article-title":"Comparison of three different leptospiral vaccines for induction of a type 1 immune response to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3412\/jsb.40.755","article-title":"Development and situation of, and techniques for production of leptospirosis vaccine in China","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Jpn J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib36","first-page":"159","article-title":"The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the first Cuban vaccine against human leptospirosis","volume":"50","author":"Martinez\u2010Sanches","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev Cubana Med Trop"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib37","first-page":"385","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new vaccine against human leptospirosis in groups at risk","volume":"8","author":"Martinez\u2010Sanches","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01662.x","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of subcutaneous or intramuscular administration of a monovalent inactivated vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae in healthy volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Laurichesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib39","first-page":"39","article-title":"The evaluation of the reactogenicity and immunogenic activity of a new concentrated inactivated leptospirosis vaccine","volume":"4","author":"Ikoev","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011","article-title":"The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends","volume":"12","author":"Pappas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib41","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib42","first-page":"217","article-title":"Leptospirosis, India: report of the investigation of a post\u2010cyclone outbreak in Orissa, November 1999","volume":"75","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.29404","article-title":"Leptospirosis: current status and future trends","volume":"24","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030102","article-title":"Incorporating a rapid\u2010impact package for neglected tropical diseases with programs for HIV\/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: a comprehensive pro\u2010poor health policy and strategy for the developing world","volume":"3","author":"Hotez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib45","first-page":"1262","article-title":"Epidemic dynamics at the human\u2010animal interface","volume":"326","author":"Lioyd\u2010Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib46","first-page":"22","article-title":"A simple deterministic model for the spread of leptospirosis in Thailand","volume":"2","author":"Triampo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.08.003","article-title":"A model of leptospirosis infection in an African rodent to determine risk to humans: seasonal fluctuations and the impact of rodent control","volume":"99","author":"Holt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2007.1135","article-title":"A stochastic model for ecological systems with strong nonlinear response to environmental drivers: application to two water\u2010borne diseases","volume":"5","author":"Code\u00e7o","year":"2008","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib49","first-page":"113","article-title":"Climate Change and Human Health","volume":"120","author":"Luber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.012","article-title":"Estimating the burden of human leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Abela\u2010Ridder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib51","series-title":"Report of the first meeting of the Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Group","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib52","author":"Office International des Epizooties (OIE)"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00103-0","article-title":"Development of an ELISA to detect antibodies to a protective lipopolysaccharide fraction of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo in cattle","volume":"69","author":"Yan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib54","author":"Dias"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.10.004","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified Taqman assay detecting pathogenic Leptospira spp. against culture and Leptospira\u2010specific IgM enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay in a clinical environment","volume":"57","author":"Slack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7093","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007093","article-title":"Development and validation of a real\u2010time PCR detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in clinical materials","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00217-07","article-title":"Evaluation of four whole\u2010cell Leptospira\u2010based serological tests for the diagnosis of urban leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"McBride","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Vac Immunol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Microbiology and Infection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X1463264X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1198743X1463264X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T03:46:19Z","timestamp":1740887179000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1198743X1463264X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1198743X1463264X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1198-743X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1198-743X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}