{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:47:19Z","timestamp":1784180839883,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of Human Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eugenics in most western countries in the first four decades of the 20th century was based on the idea that genes control most human phenotypic traits, everything from physical features such as polydactyly and eye colour to physiological conditions such as the A\u2010B\u2010O blood groups to mental and personality traits such as \u201cfeeblemindedness,\u201d alcoholism and pauperism. In assessing the development of the eugenics movement\u2014its rise and decline between 1900 and 1950\u2014it is important to recognise that its na\u00efve assumptions and often flawed methodologies were openly criticised at the time by scientists and nonscientists alike. This paper will present a brief overview of the critiques launched against eugenicists\u2019 claims, particularly criticisms of the American school led by Charles B. Davenport. Davenport's approach to eugenics will be contrasted to his British counterpart, Karl Pearson, founder and first editor of the<jats:italic>Annals of Eugenics.<\/jats:italic>It was not the case that nearly everyone in the early 20th century accepted eugenic conclusions as the latest, cutting\u2010edge science. There are lessons from this historical approach for dealing with similar na\u00efve claims about genetics today.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.2011.00649.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]],"date-time":"2011-04-13T18:17:25Z","timestamp":1302718645000},"page":"314-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Eugenics and Modern Biology: Critiques of Eugenics, 1910\u20131945"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Garland E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195053616.001.0001","volume-title":"The wellborn science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia","author":"Adams M. 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