{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T07:59:21Z","timestamp":1783151961727,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":329,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biological Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding how landscape characteristics affect biodiversity patterns and ecological processes at local and landscape scales is critical for mitigating effects of global environmental change. In this review, we use knowledge gained from human\u2010modified landscapes to suggest eight hypotheses, which we hope will encourage more systematic research on the role of landscape composition and configuration in determining the structure of ecological communities, ecosystem functioning and services. We organize the eight hypotheses under four overarching themes. Section A: \u2018landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns' includes (1) the landscape species pool hypothesis\u2014the size of the landscape\u2010wide species pool moderates local (alpha) biodiversity, and (2) the dominance of beta diversity hypothesis\u2014landscape\u2010moderated dissimilarity of local communities determines landscape\u2010wide biodiversity and overrides negative local effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Section B: \u2018landscape moderation of population dynamics' includes (3) the cross\u2010habitat spillover hypothesis\u2014landscape\u2010moderated spillover of energy, resources and organisms across habitats, including between managed and natural ecosystems, influences landscape\u2010wide community structure and associated processes and (4) the landscape\u2010moderated concentration and dilution hypothesis\u2014spatial and temporal changes in landscape composition can cause transient concentration or dilution of populations with functional consequences. Section C: \u2018landscape moderation of functional trait selection\u2019 includes (5) the landscape\u2010moderated functional trait selection hypothesis\u2014landscape moderation of species trait selection shapes the functional role and trajectory of community assembly, and (6) the landscape\u2010moderated insurance hypothesis\u2014landscape complexity provides spatial and temporal insurance, i.e. high resilience and stability of ecological processes in changing environments. Section D: \u2018landscape constraints on conservation management' includes (7) the intermediate landscape\u2010complexity hypothesis\u2014landscape\u2010moderated effectiveness of local conservation management is highest in structurally simple, rather than in cleared (i.e. extremely simplified) or in complex landscapes, and (8) the landscape\u2010moderated biodiversity\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ecosystem service management hypothesis\u2014landscape\u2010moderated biodiversity conservation to optimize functional diversity and related ecosystem services will not protect endangered species. Shifting our research focus from local to landscape\u2010moderated effects on biodiversity will be critical to developing solutions for future biodiversity and ecosystem service management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185x.2011.00216.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]],"date-time":"2012-01-24T10:06:01Z","timestamp":1327399561000},"page":"661-685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1757,"title":["Landscape moderation of biodiversity patterns and processes \u2010 eight hypotheses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Teja","family":"Tscharntke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Tylianakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana A.","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael K.","family":"Didham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenore","family":"Fahrig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Bat\u00e1ry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Clough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas O.","family":"Crist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten F.","family":"Dormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Ewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Fr\u00fcnd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Holzschuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kleijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Kremen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doug A.","family":"Landis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Laurance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lindenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Scherber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navjot","family":"Sodhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingolf","family":"Steffan\u2010Dewenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Thies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim H.","family":"van der Putten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catrin","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1433-8319-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2011.588685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198525035.001.0001","volume-title":"The Biology of Soils. 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