{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:38:16Z","timestamp":1794375496344,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,29]],"date-time":"2005-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prisoners\u2019 children appear to suffer profound psychosocial difficulties during their parents\u2019 imprisonment. However, no previous study has examined later\u2010life outcomes for prisoners\u2019 children compared to children separated from parents for other reasons. We hypothesise that parental imprisonment predicts boys\u2019 antisocial and delinquent behaviour partly because of the trauma of separation, partly because parental imprisonment is a marker for parental criminality, and partly because of childhood risks associated with parental imprisonment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study uses prospective longitudinal data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD). The CSDD includes data on 411 Inner London males and their parents. We compare boys separated by parental imprisonment during their first 10\u2003years of life with four control groups: boys who did not experience separation, boys separated by hospital or death, boys separated for other reasons (usually disharmony), and boys whose parents were only imprisoned before their birth. Individual, parenting, and family risk factors for delinquency were measured when boys were aged 8\u201311. Eleven antisocial and delinquent outcomes were assessed between ages 14 and 40.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Separation because of parental imprisonment predicted all antisocial\u2013delinquent outcomes compared to the four control conditions. Separation caused by parental imprisonment was also strongly associated with many other childhood risk factors for delinquency. After controlling for parental convictions and other childhood risk factors, separation caused by parental imprisonment still predicted several antisocial\u2013delinquent outcomes, even up to age 32, compared with other types of separation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prisoners\u2019 children are a highly vulnerable group with multiple risk factors for adverse outcomes. Parental imprisonment appears to affect children over and above separation experiences and associated risks. Further research on possible moderating and mediating factors such as stigma, reduction in family income and reduced quality of care is required to identify the mechanisms by which parental imprisonment affects children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01433.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,22]],"date-time":"2005-11-22T13:30:45Z","timestamp":1132666245000},"page":"1269-1278","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":364,"title":["Parental imprisonment: effects on boys\u2019 antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life\u2010course"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Farrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Forty\u2010four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home\u2010life","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss, Vol. 2: Separation, anxiety and anger","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3101_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760180027003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"The national prison survey 1991","author":"Dodd T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Children at risk: Assessment, longitudinal research, and intervention","author":"Farrington D.P.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood","volume":"4","author":"Farrington D.P.","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Psychologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47945-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8333.1996.tb00306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","volume-title":"Statistics on race and the criminal justice system \u2013 2003","author":"Home Office","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Children of incarcerated parents","author":"Johnston D.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/41.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02213702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"1137","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of criminology","author":"Morgan R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"The effects of imprisonment","author":"Murray J."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022990410036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020975106679"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"Fragile families research brief: Incarceration and the bonds among parents","author":"Princeton University","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","volume-title":"The family ties of English prisoners: The results of the Cambridge Project on Imprisonment and Family Ties","author":"Richards M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1977.11023929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Prisoners\u2019 children: What are the issues","author":"Shaw R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Psychiatric morbidity among prisoners in England and Wales","author":"Singleton N.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","volume-title":"When mothers go to jail","author":"Stanton A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","volume-title":"Every child matters (Green Paper)","author":"Treasury H. 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