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We will provide an account of the development of psychopathy at multiple levels: ultimate causal (the genetic or social primary cause), molecular, neural, cognitive and behavioral. The following main claims will be made: (1) that there is a stronger genetic as opposed to social ultimate cause to this disorder. The types of social causes proposed (e.g., childhood sexual\/physical abuse) should elevate emotional responsiveness, not lead to the specific form of reduced responsiveness seen in psychopathy; (2) The genetic influence leads to the emotional dysfunction that is the core of psychopathy; (3) The genetic influence at the molecular level remains unknown. However, it appears to impact the functional integrity of the amygdala and orbital\/ventrolateral frontal cortex (and possibly additional systems); (4) Disruption within these two neural systems leads to impairment in the ability to form stimulus\u2013reinforcement associations and to alter stimulus\u2013response associations as a function of contingency change. These impairments disrupt the impact of standard socialization techniques and increase the risk for frustration\u2010induced reactive aggression respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01596.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,22]],"date-time":"2006-02-22T06:47:55Z","timestamp":1140590875000},"page":"262-276","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":342,"title":["The development of psychopathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"R.J.R.","family":"Blair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.S.","family":"Peschardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Budhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.G.V.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00301-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/14833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198524410.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(99)00024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"The amygdala and reward. 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