{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:18:02Z","timestamp":1790903882998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]],"date-time":"2006-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1153267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Mild mental retardation is an enduring and impairing condition. Its prevalence has varied widely across different studies from .5 to over 8%, with higher rates in completely ascertained samples. The current study estimates the prevalence of low IQ in the mental retardation range (intellectual disability) in a population sample and examines the factors that relate to educational identification.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 2,730 children in school years 8 and 9 attending local authority schools were assessed in school with the group\u2010administered Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT). A sample of 304 pupils at high, moderate and low risk of mild mental retardation was selected for in\u2010depth study. This included the individually measured full\u2010scale IQ (WISC\u2010III\n                    <jats:sup>UK<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), the Wechsler Quicktest of attainments, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from parents and teachers and an abbreviated version of the Social Communication Questionnaire.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Of those selected for the in\u2010depth study, 204 (67%) participated, with a greater proportion from the low risk group. A range of prevalence estimates were calculated using different imputation methods and assumptions about individuals not screened. Rates of pupils with WISC IQ\u2003&lt;\u200370 varied from 5.8% to 10.6%. There were no significant gender differences. In contrast to the high prevalence estimates using the WISC, the proportion of pupils scoring in the lowest stanine on the CAT was as expected. Only 15% of those with IQ\u2003&lt;\u200370 had a statement of special educational needs or attended a school for moderate learning difficulties. Behaviour, particularly social communication problems, predicted educational identification.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The current study produced a high estimate of the prevalence of mild intellectual disability based on the WISC but not on the CAT. The findings highlight that the majority of mild intellectual disability in the UK would not be detected using registers. Cases that are detected by registers are more behaviourally disturbed than others.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01630.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,20]],"date-time":"2006-07-20T13:22:08Z","timestamp":1153401728000},"page":"828-839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Croydon Assessment of Learning Study: Prevalence and educational identification of mild mental retardation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Simonoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Chadwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gringras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siobhan","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie\u2010Ann","family":"Maney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Karia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM\u2010IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Psychological testing","author":"Anastasi A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1402588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"A clinical and epidemiologic study mental subnormality in the community","author":"Birch H.G.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Mild mental retardation in a northern Swedish county","volume":"23","author":"Blomquist H.K.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Deficiency Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199501)51:1<89::AID-JCLP2270510114>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.93.3.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Retardation in young children: A developmental study of cognitive deficit","author":"Broman S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Children's Memory Scale","author":"Cohen M.J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046892.27264.1A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Statistics of education. Special educational needs","author":"Department for Education and Skills","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Inclusive schooling: Children with special educational needs","author":"Department for Education and Skills","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Special educational needs code of practice","author":"Department for Education and Skills","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Indices of deprivation 2000","author":"Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2003.00464.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire GHQ","author":"Goldberg D.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Below\u2010average intelligence and mental retardation","volume":"78","author":"Granat K.","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1981.tb05720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Mild mental retardation in Gothenburg children born between 1966\u201370","volume":"44","author":"Hagberg G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Upsala Journal of Medical Science, Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","volume-title":"Life events as stressors in childhood and adolescence","author":"Johnson J.H.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Screening and prevalence of mental retardation in four Finnish birth cohorts","volume":"44","author":"Kaarianen R.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Upsala Journal of Medical Science, Supplement"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"858","article-title":"Results of a field epidemiologic study","volume":"73","author":"Lemkau P.V.","year":"1969","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949502800407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-3148.2002.00115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3148.1994.tb00135.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.3.319"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10270-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics(2004).CD Supplement to the National Report for England and Wales and Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales [program].Office for National Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","first-page":"3484","volume-title":"The encyclopedia of biostatistics","author":"Pickles A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"380","article-title":"Mental retardation and subnormality in a birth cohort of 12,000 children in Northern Finland","volume":"90","author":"Rantakallio P.","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Mental Deficiency"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07395.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","volume-title":"The Social Communication Questionnaire","author":"Rutter M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","volume-title":"Education, health and behaviour","author":"Rutter M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299501300401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software Release 8.0","author":"StataCorp","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112286"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2896(99)00034-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"The education authorities directory and annual","author":"The School Government Publishing Company","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Abilities Test","author":"Thorndike R.L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(01)00071-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065772"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Self esteem and unemployment among young workers","volume":"46","author":"Warr P.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Le Travail Humain"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","volume-title":"WISC\u2010IIIUK Manual","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Quicktest","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14812.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","volume-title":"The ICD\u201010 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7610.2006.01630.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01630.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:58:21Z","timestamp":1762185501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01630.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01630.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01630.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9630","1469-7610"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9630","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7610","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,19]]}}}