{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:21:57Z","timestamp":1784550117921,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Reading disability (RD) and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are comorbid and genetically correlated, especially the inattentive dimension of ADHD (ADHD\u2010I). However, previous research indicates that RD and ADHD enter into opposite gene by environment (G\u2003\u00d7\u2003E) interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study used behavioral genetic methods to replicate these opposite G\u2003\u00d7\u2003E interactions in a sample of same\u2010sex monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center (CLDRC; ) and to test a genetic hypothesis for why these opposite interactions occur.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    We replicated opposite G\u2003\u00d7\u2003E interactions for RD (bioecological) and ADHD\u2010I (diathesis\u2010stress) with parental education in the same sample of participants. The genetic hypothesis for this opposite pattern of interactions is that only genes specific to each disorder enter into these opposite interactions, not the shared genes underlying their comorbidity. To test this hypothesis, we used single models with an exploratory three\u2010way interaction, in which the G\u2003\u00d7\u2003E interactions for each disorder were moderated by comorbidity. Neither three\u2010way interaction was significant. The heritability of RD did not vary as a function of parental education and ADHD\u2010I. Similarly, the heritability of ADHD\u2010I did not vary as a function of parental education and RD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    We documented opposite G\u2003\u00d7\u2003E interactions in RD and ADHD\u2010I in the same overall twin sample, but the explanation for this apparent paradox remains unclear. Examining specific genes and more specific environmental factors may help resolve the paradox.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02452.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T07:38:24Z","timestamp":1314949104000},"page":"243-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Gene by environment interactions influencing reading disability and the inattentive symptom dimension of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jenni","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce F.","family":"Pennington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik G.","family":"Willcutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.4.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012281226028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2779(1996)2:1<39::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Colorado learning disabilities research center","volume":"8","author":"DeFries J.C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learning Disability Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01066239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001566000003810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10131-006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","volume-title":"Peabody individual achievement test","author":"Dunn L.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"ADHD rating scale\u2010IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation","author":"DuPaul G.J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02213.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01447.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00354958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"A twin study of the etiology of comorbidity: attention deficit\u2010hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia","volume":"31","author":"Gilger J.W.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of the Journal of the American Academy for Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"253","volume-title":"The handbook of mental deficiency: Psychological theory and research","author":"Gottesman I.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association Board of Directors [IDA]. 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