{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:47:20Z","timestamp":1791384440405,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Children with oppositional defiant disorder\/conduct disorder (ODD\/CD) have shown deficits in \u2018cool\u2019 abstract\u2010cognitive, and \u2018hot\u2019 reward\u2010related executive function (EF) tasks. However, it is currently unclear to what extent ODD\/CD is associated with neuropsychological deficits, independently of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fifty\u2010nine adolescents with a history of early\u2010onset oppositional problems, 28 with pure ODD\/CD symptoms and 31 with ADHD with or without ODD\/CD, and 34 healthy controls were administered a task battery measuring motor response inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and reward\u2010related decision\u2010making. Findings were analysed using dimensional and group analyses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    In group analyses both groups with and without ADHD were impaired in EF measures. Dimensional analyses, however, showed that ODD\/CD but not ADHD was related to hot EF based on increased risky decision\u2010making in the Iowa Gambling Task. ODD\/CD was also independently related to aspects of cool EF independently of ADHD, namely slower speeds of inhibitory responding and increased intra\u2010subject variability.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings show EF deficits associated with ODD\/CD independently of ADHD, and implicate reward\u2010related abnormalities in theories of antisocial behaviour development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02454.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,9]],"date-time":"2011-08-09T08:25:18Z","timestamp":1312878318000},"page":"1035-1043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD\/CD independently of ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Christopher 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