{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:19:21Z","timestamp":1779387561354,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]],"date-time":"2011-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Psychology Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    By 2008, 12 million children in sub\u2010Saharan Africa were orphaned by AIDS. Cross\u2010sectional studies show psychological problems for AIDS\u2010orphaned children, but until now no longitudinal study has explored enduring psychological effects of AIDS\u2010orphanhood in the developing world.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    A 4\u2010year longitudinal follow\u2010up of AIDS\u2010orphaned children with control groups of other\u2010orphans and non\u2010orphans. 1021 children (\n                    <jats:italic>M\u2003<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u200313.4\u2003years, 50% female, 98% isiXhosa\u2010speaking) were interviewed in 2005 and followed up in 2009 with 71% retention (49% female,\n                    <jats:italic>M\u2003<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u200316.9\u2003years), in poor urban South African settlements. Children were interviewed using sociodemographic questionnaires and well\u2010validated standardised scales for assessing depression, anxiety, and post\u2010traumatic stress. Data were analysed using mixed\u2010design ANOVA and backward\u2010stepping regression.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    AIDS\u2010orphaned children showed higher depression, anxiety, and post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scores in both 2005 and 2009 when compared with other\u2010orphans and non\u2010orphans. Backward\u2010stepping regression, controlling for baseline mental health, and sociodemographic cofactors such as age, gender, and type of bereavement, revealed that being AIDS\u2010orphaned in 2005 was associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD scores in 2009. This was not the case for other\u2010orphaned or non\u2010orphaned children. Age interacted with orphan status, such that there was a steep rise in psychological distress in the AIDS\u2010orphaned group, but no rise with age amongst other\u2010orphans and non\u2010orphans.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Negative mental health outcomes amongst AIDS\u2010orphaned children are maintained and worsen over a 4\u2010year period. It is important that psychosocial support programmes are sustained, and focus on youth as well as young children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02459.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T01:21:56Z","timestamp":1314840116000},"page":"363-370","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Persisting mental health problems among AIDS\u2010orphaned children in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Lucie D.","family":"Cluver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Orkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Boyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Amaya\u2010Jackson L. 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