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Dyslexia (as defined in DSM\u20105), or decoding difficulty, refers to children who have difficulty in mastering the relationships between the spelling patterns of words and their pronunciations. These children typically read aloud inaccurately and slowly, and experience additional problems with spelling. Dyslexia appears to arise principally from a weakness in phonological (speech sound) skills, and there is good evidence that it can be ameliorated by systematic phonic teaching combined with phonological awareness training. The other major form of reading difficulty is reading comprehension impairment. These children read aloud accurately and fluently, but have difficulty understanding what they have read. Reading comprehension impairment appears to arise from weaknesses in a range of oral language skills including poor vocabulary knowledge, weak grammatical skills and difficulties in oral language comprehension. We suggest that the omission of reading comprehension impairment from DSM\u20105 is a serious one that should be remedied. Both dyslexia and reading comprehension impairment are dimensional in nature, and show strong continuities with other disorders of language. We argue that recognizing the continuities between reading and language disorders has important implications for assessment and treatment, and we note that the high rates of comorbidity between reading disorders and other seemingly disparate disorders (including ADHD and motor disorders) raises important challenges for understanding these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02495.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,5]],"date-time":"2011-12-05T13:31:26Z","timestamp":1323091886000},"page":"593-607","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":232,"title":["Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders \u2013 a commentary on proposals for DSM\u20105"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Snowling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Hulme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"DSM IV diagnostic and statistical \u2013 Manual","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3802.446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210500489372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300895.ch47"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.6.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/026151010X485223"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-005-4322-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01849.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410392048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.26.3.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.91.3.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Reading development and difficulties","author":"Cain K.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.2000.2785"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709905X66233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn896"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/023)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2008\/07-0259)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/093)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Language and reading disabilities","author":"Catts H.W.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610375449"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder","author":"Dodd B.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","unstructured":"DSM\u20105(2010).A 13 dyslexia. 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