{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:34:11Z","timestamp":1768552451860,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,30]],"date-time":"2004-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2525,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Physiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Total RNA isolated from embryonic chick paravertebral sympathetic ganglia was used in a reverse transcription\u2010polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR) assay with a pair of degenerate oligonucleotide primers deduced from conserved regions of mammalian glycine receptor \u03b1\u2010subunits. Three classes of cDNA were identified which encode portions of the chicken homologues of the mammalian glycine receptor \u03b1l, \u03b12 and \u03b13 subunits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The presence of functional glycine receptors was investigated in the whole\u2010cell configuration of the patch\u2010clamp technique in neurons dissociated from the ganglia and kept in culture for 7\u20138 days. In cells voltage clamped to \u221270 mV, glycine consistently induced inward currents in a concentration\u2010dependent manner and elicited half\u2010maximal peak current amplitudes at 43 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The steady\u2010state current\u2013voltage relation for glycine\u2010induced currents was linear between \u00b180 and \u221260 mV, but showed outward rectification at more hyperpolarized potentials. Reversal potentials of these currents shifted with changes in intracellular chloride concentrations and matched the calculated Nernst potentials for chloride.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>\u03b2\u2010Alanine and taurine were significantly less potent than glycine in triggering inward currents, with half\u2010maximal responses at 79 and 86 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, respectively. At maximally active concentrations, \u03b2\u2010alanine\u2010evoked currents were identical in amplitude to those induced by glycine. Taurine\u2010evoked currents, in contrast, never reached the same amplitude as glycine\u2010induced currents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The classical glycine receptor antagonist strychnine reversibly reduced glycine\u2010induced currents, with half\u2010maximal inhibition occurring at 62 n<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. Two more recently characterized glycine receptor antagonists, isonipecotic acid (half\u2010maximal inhibition at 2 m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) and 7\u2010trifluoromethyl\u20104\u2010hydroxyquinoline\u20103\u2010carboxylic acid (half\u2010maximal inhibition at 67 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), also blocked glycine\u2010evoked currents in a reversible manner. The chloride channel blocker picrotoxin reduced glycine\u2010evoked currents, with half\u2010maximal effects at 348 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. Inhibition by the glycine receptor channel blocker cyanotriphenylborate was half\u2010maximal at 4 \u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Apart from evoking inward currents, glycine occasionally triggered short (&lt; 100 ms) spike\u2010like currents which were abolished by hexamethonium and thus reflected synaptic release of endogenous acetylcholine. In addition, glycine caused Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010dependent and tetrodotoxin\u2010sensitive tritium overflow from neurons previously labelled with [<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H] noradrenaline. This stimulatory action of glycine was reduced in the presence of strychnine and after treatment with the chloride uptake inhibitor furosemide (frusemide).<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In 65% of neurons loaded with the Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> indicator fura\u20102 acetoxymethyl ester, glycine increased the ratio of the fluorescence signal obtained with excitation wavelengths of 340 and 380 nm, respectively, which indicates a rise in intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup> concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>The results show that sympathetic neurons contain transcripts for different glycine receptor \u03b1\u2010subunits and carry functional heteromeric glycine receptors which depolarize the majority of neurons to trigger transmitter release.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.683bd.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,30]],"date-time":"2004-09-30T07:39:16Z","timestamp":1096529956000},"page":"683-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Glycine Receptors in Cultured Chick Sympathetic Neurons are Excitatory and Trigger Neurotransmitter Release"],"prefix":"10.1113","volume":"504","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Boehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"von Hoist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Rohrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Betz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-03-02524.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.6.1400","article-title":"Glycine\u2010gated chloride current in acutely isolated rat hypothalamic neurons","volume":"62","author":"Akaike N.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Glycine Neurotransmission","author":"Aprison M. 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