{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:11:17Z","timestamp":1794334277944,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1284940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["New Phytologist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2018Stresses\u2019 that impact upon seeds can affect plant reproduction and productivity, and, hence, agriculture and biodiversity. In the absence of a clear definition of plant stress, we relate concepts from physics, medicine and psychology to stresses that are specific to seeds. Potential \u2018eustresses\u2019 that enhance function and \u2018distresses\u2019 that have harmful effects are considered in relation to the seed life cycle. Taking a triphasic biomedical stress concept published in 1936, the \u2018General Adaptation Syndrome\u2019, to the molecular level, the \u2018alarm\u2019 response is defined by post\u2010translational modifications and stress signalling through cross\u2010talk between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and seed hormones, that result in modifications to the transcriptome. Protection, repair, acclimation and adaptation are viewed as the \u2018building blocks\u2019 of the \u2018resistance\u2019 response, which, in seeds, are the basis for their longevity over centuries. When protection and repair mechanisms eventually fail, depending on dose and time of exposure to stress, cell death and, ultimately, seed death are the result, corresponding to \u2018exhaustion\u2019. This proposed seed stress concept may have wider applicability to plants in general.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position=\"anchor\">\n\n<jats:table frame=\"void\">\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:col\/>\n<jats:thead>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:th\/>\n<jats:th>Contents<\/jats:th>\n<jats:th\/>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<\/jats:thead>\n<jats:tbody>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td\/>\n<jats:td>Summary<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>655<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>I.<\/jats:td>\n\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss2\">Definitions of stress<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>656<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>II.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss3\">The seed life cycle revisited in view of the eustress\u2013distress concept<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>657<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>III.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss8\">Common denominators of many stresses: reactive oxygen and nitrogen species<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>660<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>IV.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss12\">Alarm<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>662<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>V.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss17\">Resistance<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>664<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>VI.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss21\">Exhaustion<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>666<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td>VII.<\/jats:td>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss25\">Conclusions<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>667<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td\/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss29\">Acknowledgements<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>669<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<jats:tr>\n<jats:td\/>\n<jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#ss30\">References<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:td>\n<jats:td>669<\/jats:td>\n<\/jats:tr>\n<\/jats:tbody>\n<\/jats:table>\n\n<\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03461.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T14:04:16Z","timestamp":1284991456000},"page":"655-673","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":413,"title":["What is stress? 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