{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T17:40:39Z","timestamp":1760204439679},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]],"date-time":"2008-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1226448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10087,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that events and conditions early in women's lives influence their Future risk of producing babies with anencephalus and spina bifida, a case\u2010control study compared mothers of affected infants with mothers whose infants were normal.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Occupational class scores of husbands and fathers of the case mothers and control mothers were also compared.<\/jats:p><jats:p>While there was no difference between the scores of case and control husbands, the mean score of fathers of case mothers was significantly less than that of the fathers of control mothers. This can be an indication that case mothers grew up under less favorable conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These findings, in conjunction with the pattern evident from previous epidemiological studies, support the hypothesis that intergenerational factors play a role in the etiology of these defects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>R\u00c9SUM\u00c9<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facteurs d'interg\u00e9n\u00e9rations dans l'\u00e9tiologie d'anenc\u00e9phalie et de spina bifida<\/jats:p><jats:p>Pour tester l'hypoth\u00e8se que les \u00e9v\u00e8nements et les conditions de vie pr\u00e9coce des femmes influencent le risque qu'elles donnent ult\u00e9rieurement naissance \u00e0 des enfants pr\u00e9sentant une anenc\u00e9phalie ou un spina bifida, une \u00e9tude de cas appari\u00e9s a \u00e9t\u00e9 entreprise chez des m\u00e8res d'enfants atteints compare\u00e9es avec des m\u00e8res d'enfants normaux. Les caract\u00e9ristiques du statut socio\u2010professionnel des maris et des p\u00e8res des m\u00e8res appari\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9\u00e9galement comparees.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Alors qu'il n'y avait pas de diff\u00e9rence dans le statut socio\u2010professionnel des maris, le score moyen des p\u00e8res des m\u00e8res expos\u00e9es \u00e9tait significativement moindre que celui des p\u00e8res des m\u00e8res contr\u00f4les. II y a l\u00e0 une indication que les m\u00e8res expos\u00e9es peuvent grandir dans des conditions moins favorables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Ces donn\u00e9es, reli\u00e9es aux indications issues d'\u00e9tudes \u00e9pid4eAmiologiques ant\u00e9rieures favorisent l'hypoth\u00e8se selon laquelle les facteurs d'interg\u00e9n\u00e9rations jouent un r\u00f4le dans l'\u00e9tiologie de ces malformations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>ZUSAMMENFASSUNG<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Umwelteinfl\u00fc\u00dfe im Jugendaltcr der Mutter, die bei der Aeiiologie f\u00fcr Anencephalus und<\/jats:italic>\n          <jats:italic>Spina bifida eine Rolle spielen<\/jats:italic> <\/jats:p><jats:p>Um die Hypothese zu pr\u00fcfen, die besagt, da\u00df Ereignisse und Bedingungen in den jungen Jahren von Miittern auf das Risiko, sp\u00e4ter Kinder mit Anencephalus und Spina bifida zu bekommen, einen Einflu\u00df haben, wurden in einer Fall\u2010Kontroll\u2010Studie M\u00fctter solcher betroffener Kinder mit M\u00fcttern gesunder Kinder verglichen. Dar\u00fcber hinaus wurden die Berufsschichten der Ehem\u00e4nner sowie der V\u00e4ter der Inder\u2010M\u00fctterund der Kontrollm\u00fctter verglichen.<\/jats:p><jats:p>W\u00e4hrend zwischen den Index\u2010 und den Kontroll\u2010Ehem\u00e4nnern kein Unterschied bestand, geh\u00f6rten die V\u00e4ter der Index\u2010M\u00fctter im Durchschnitt einer signifikant niedrigeren Berufsschicht an als die V\u00e4ter der Kontrollm\u00fctter. Dies kann ein Hinweis daf\u00fcr sein, da\u00df die Index\u2010M\u00fctter unter ung\u00fcnstigeren Bedingungen aufgewachsen sind.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Diese Befunde st\u00fctzen zusammen mit den Ergebnissen fruherer epidemiologischer Studien die Hypothese, da\u00df UmwelteinfluBe im Jugendalter der Mutter fur die Aetiologie dieser Mi\u00dfbildungen eine Rolle spielen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESUMEN<\/jats:title><jats:p> <jats:italic>Factores intergeneracionales en la etiologia de la anencefalia y en la espina bifida<\/jats:italic> Para provar la hipot\u00e9sis de que los acontecimientos y condiciones que actuan precozmente en las vidas de las mujeres pueden influir su riesgo futuro de tener ni\u00f1os con anencefalia y espina bifida, se realiz\u00f3 un estudio comparativo entre madres de ni\u00f1os afectos con madres cuyos ni\u00f1os eran normales. Se compararon tambi\u00e9n los puntagjes de tipo de ocupaci\u00f3n de los maridos y padres tanto de las madres con hijos afectados como de las control.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mientras que no hubo diferencias entre los puntajes en los maridos de los casos afectos y los controles, el puntaje promedio de los padres de las madres con ni\u00f1os con alteraciones fu\u00e9 significativamente menor que el de los padres de las madres control. Estoz puede ser una indicate\u00f3n de que las madres con casos an\u00f3malos crecieron bajo unas condiciones menos favorables.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Estos hallazgos, en conjuncti\u00f3n con los esquem\u00e1s evidenciados en estudios epidemiol\u00f3gicos previos, apoyan la hip\u00f3tesis de que los factores intergeneracionalesjuegan un papel en la etiolog\u00eda de estos defectos.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1981.tb02436.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,15]],"date-time":"2010-07-15T12:24:16Z","timestamp":1279196656000},"page":"151-154","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Intergenerational Factors in the Etiology of Anencephalus and Spina Bifida"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Lowell E.","family":"Sever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irvin","family":"Emanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)92062-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932000009585"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Perinatal Problems","author":"Thomson A. 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