{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:19:54Z","timestamp":1788016794419,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) have small, weak muscles. However, change in muscle size due to resistance training in this group is unknown. We investigated the effect of plantarflexor strengthening on muscle volume, gait, and function in 13 ambulant children with spastic CP (seven males, six females; mean age 10y 11mo, SD 3y 0mo, range 6y 11mo\u201316y 11mo; eight with diplegia, five with hemiplegia; Gross Motor Function Classification System level I, six; level II, five; level III, two). Assessments were performed before training, 5 and 10 weeks into training, and at a 3\u2010month follow\u2010up. Medial and lateral gastrocnemius volumes were computed from three\u2010dimensional ultrasound images. The number of unilateral heel raises able to be achieved on each side was assessed. Function was measured using three\u2010dimensional gait analysis, the \u2018timed up and go\u2019 test, the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire, and the Functional Mobility Scale. Training involved heel raises or Thera\u2010Band resistance, 4 times a week for 10 weeks. Medial and lateral gastrocnemius volumes increased by 17 and 14% at week 5 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.028). This increase was maintained at week 10 and follow\u2010up (medial gastrocnemius <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.001, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001; lateral gastrocnemius <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.006, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.007). Heel raises (mean number) increased by week 5 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.002). This was maintained at week 10 and follow\u2010up (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). No significant change in measured function was observed. Muscle volume increased in response to training in children with spastic CP. The role of progressive strength training in maintaining long\u2010term function is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03230.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]],"date-time":"2009-05-08T09:58:18Z","timestamp":1241776698000},"page":"429-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Increases in muscle volume after plantarflexor strength training in children with spastic cerebral palsy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"ANNE E","family":"MCNEE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MARTIN","family":"GOUGH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MATT C","family":"MORRISSEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ADAM P","family":"SHORTLAND","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15369.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20302"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181558943"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.5579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/75.8.658","article-title":"Effects of quadriceps femoris muscle strengthening on crouch gait in children with spastic diplegia","volume":"75","author":"Damiano DL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb15019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001577-199901110-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215506cr961oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pep.0000233023.33383.2b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain","volume":"58","author":"Moritani T","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(01)00105-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/75.8.694","article-title":"The standing heel\u2010rise test for ankle plantarflexion: criterion for normal","volume":"75","author":"Lunsford BR","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200409000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-200001000-00017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00106.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199907)22:7<831::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","first-page":"258","article-title":"Preserving mobility in older adults","volume":"167","author":"Buchner DM","year":"1997","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00755.x"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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