{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T04:57:47Z","timestamp":1794027467356,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our aim was to develop an outcome measure, called Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS), that captures real\u2010world changes in preschool children\u2019s communication. Conceptually grounded in the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework, the FOCUS items were derived from observations of change provided by parents and clinicians after speech\u2013language therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> Participating families (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=165) were drawn from a convenience sample at partner institutions in Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia. All children had speech, language comprehension, and\/or language production disorders and were receiving speech\u2013language therapy. The age of the children ranged from 1 year 2 months to 5 years 6 months (mean<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>3.8y; SD<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.91y), and 119 children were male. Three test phases were completed. The measure was revised according to item analysis and parent\/clinician feedback after phase 1 (<jats:italic>n=<\/jats:italic>74) and phase 2 (<jats:italic>n=<\/jats:italic>65). In phase 3 (<jats:italic>n=<\/jats:italic>26), the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), a health\u2010related quality of life measure, was added to establish construct validity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> In phase 1, item analysis revealed high internal consistency for both parents (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.87) and clinicians (Cronbach \u03b1<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.97). These values indicated redundancy, so 31 items were cut. Five items for young children were added. In phase 2, internal consistency remained high for both parents (Cronbach \u03b1<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.98) and clinicians (Cronbach \u03b1<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.83), indicating redundancy of items. Twenty\u2010seven items were removed. In phase 3, parents and clinicians reliably scored the FOCUS in 10 minutes. They stated that it provided an accurate snapshot of the child\u2019s communication. Internal consistency for parents remained high (Cronbach \u03b1<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>0.96). Children with higher FOCUS scores at the end of treatment had higher PedsQL total scores (<jats:italic>r=<\/jats:italic>0.466, <jats:italic>p=<\/jats:italic>0.029).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interpretation\u2002<\/jats:bold> The FOCUS is a usable measure of a child\u2019s ability to communicate and participate in his or her community. It demonstrates high internal consistency and construct validity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03410.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]],"date-time":"2009-08-26T08:30:39Z","timestamp":1251275439000},"page":"47-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":115,"title":["Development of the FOCUS (Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six), a communication outcome measure for preschool children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"NANCY L","family":"THOMAS\u2010STONELL","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRUCE","family":"ODDSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BERNADETTE","family":"ROBERTSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER L","family":"ROSENBAUM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/136828200247133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-917120"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2001\/008)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820500292551"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3704.913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4203.744"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200002000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Introduction to Qualitative Research in Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy","author":"Hammell K","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001658658"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2004.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","volume-title":"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health \u2013 Children and Youth Version","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701400375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280601056186"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-986522"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500701834690"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040701768693"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2008.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040701261525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","unstructured":"American Speech\u2013Language\u2013Hearing Association.Scope of practice in speech\u2013language pathology (Scope of Practice) 2007.http:\/\/www.asha.org\/policy(accessed 6th August 2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","volume-title":"Therapy Outcome Measures: Speech\u2013Language Pathology User\u2019s Manual","author":"Enderby P","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.The ICF Australian User Guide 2003; 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