{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T04:03:53Z","timestamp":1791691433817,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,12]],"date-time":"2009-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1255305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2002<\/jats:bold> Worster\u2010Drought syndrome (WDS), or congenital suprabulbar paresis, is a permanent movement disorder of the bulbar muscles causing persistent difficulties with swallowing, feeding, speech, and saliva control owing to a non\u2010progressive disturbance in early brain development. As such, it falls within the cerebral palsies. The aim of this study was to describe the physical and neuropsychological profiles of children with WDS.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> Forty\u2010two children with WDS (26 males, 16 females; mean age 7y 10mo, SD 3y 1mo; range 2y 6mo to 16y 5mo) were studied prospectively using a standard protocol.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> All of the children had severe bulbar dysfunction; 36 out of 42 had feeding difficulties and 23 of 38 had unintelligible speech, which was poorly compensated for by augmentative communication. There were accompanying disturbances in cognition (mean non\u2010verbal IQ 59), behaviour (12\/40 attention\u2010deficit\u2013hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), social communication (8\/42 autism), and epilepsy (12\/39). The severity of bulbar dysfunction and impact of additional impairments made it difficult to use formal assessments.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interpretation\u2002<\/jats:bold> WDS causes severe and persistent bulbar dysfunction that is often accompanied by additional impairments, as in other cerebral palsies. Speech prognosis is particularly poor. Early diagnosis with appreciation of the underlying neurology would encourage critical evaluation of interventions and long\u2010term planning to improve outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03475.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,12]],"date-time":"2009-10-12T08:08:10Z","timestamp":1255334890000},"page":"27-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Worster\u2010Drought syndrome: poorly recognized despite severe and persistent difficulties with feeding and speech"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"MARIA","family":"CLARK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"REBECCA","family":"HARRIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NICOLA","family":"JOLLEFF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KATIE","family":"PRICE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRIAN GR","family":"NEVILLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100053184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb01026.x"},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Congenital suprabulbar paresis","volume":"16","author":"Worster\u2010Drought C","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.10.2160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00788.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(00)00245-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Childhood Apraxia of Speech","author":"American Speech\u2010Language and Hearing Association (ASHA)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(03)00006-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.tb12626.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e622732007-001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","volume-title":"Test d\u2032Imitation de Gestes","author":"Berg\u00e8s J","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","volume-title":"Bruininks\u2013Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency","author":"Bruininks RH","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.091496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00260976"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00720.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2006.tb01233.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00945.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00787.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","volume-title":"Breaking the Speech Barrier: Language Development Through Augmented Means","author":"Romski MA","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00257.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0265659006ct307xx"}],"container-title":["Developmental Medicine &amp; 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