{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:40:52Z","timestamp":1790444452995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,23]],"date-time":"2012-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Develop Med Child Neuro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim\u2002<\/jats:bold> To determine the epidemiology and complications of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in children injured at 5\u2003years of age and younger who were seen between 1981 and 2008 at a children\u2019s hospital in the USA.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> Complications studied were scoliosis, hip dysplasia, latex allergies, autonomic dysreflexia, pressure ulcers, spasticity, deep venous thrombosis, and kidney stones. Demographic and injury\u2010related factors included age at injury, etiology, level of injury, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), and SCIs without radiological abnormalities (SCIWORA).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Of the 159 individuals seen (92 males, 67 females) median age at injury was 2\u2003years (range 0y\u20135y 11mo). Forty\u2010nine percent were injured in vehicular accidents, 60% had complete injuries, 66% had paraplegia, and 72% had SCIWORA. Ninety\u2010six percent developed scoliosis, 57% had hip dysplasia, and 7% had latex allergy. Thirty\u2010four percent with injuries at or above T6 experienced autonomic dysreflexia, 41% developed pressure ulcers, and 61% experienced spasticity. Of those without bowel or bladder control, 82% were on intermittent catheterization and 69% were on a bowel program. Median age of initiating wheelchair use was 3\u2003years 4\u2003months (range 1y 2mo\u201312y 5mo). Twenty\u2010four were community ambulators, and they were more likely to have AIS D lesions (half the key muscle functions below the level of injury have a muscle grade 3 or greater) and less likely to have skeletal complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Interpretation\u2002<\/jats:bold> The epidemiology, complications, and manifestations of SCIs in children injured at a young age are unique and differ distinctively from adolescent and adult\u2010onset SCIs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04411.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,24]],"date-time":"2012-09-24T01:48:17Z","timestamp":1348451297000},"page":"1138-1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Spinal cord injuries in young children: a review of children injured at 5\u2003years of age and younger"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"JENNIFER","family":"SCHOTTLER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LAWRENCE C","family":"VOGEL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PETER","family":"STURM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2004.11753778","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"DeVivo MJ","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Spinal Cord Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(18)30153-0","article-title":"Medical and rehabilitation issues in the care of children with spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Massagli T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2002.11753610","article-title":"Adults with pediatric\u2010onset spinal cord injury. 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