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Exposure to darkness resulted in a clear potentiation of the startle reflex. Panic patients but not controls responded with an increase in heart rate that was positively related to severity of agoraphobic avoidance. Threat of shock resulted in a startle potentiation that tended to be stronger in panic patients without comorbid depression than controls and attenuated in those patients who suffered from severe depression. These data suggest that only panic patients without depression belong to the fear disorders spectrum whereas panic patients with comorbid depression might rather belong to the distress disorders profile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00560.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,18]],"date-time":"2007-07-18T16:41:32Z","timestamp":1184776892000},"page":"846-854","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Startle reflex modulation and autonomic responding during anxious apprehension in panic disorder patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Christiane A.","family":"Melzig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almut I.","family":"Weike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons O.","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.11.1247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory\u2014Manual","author":"Beck A. 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