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Building upon research looking at stress effects on decision making, a gambling task was administered to 65 healthy adults, comparing decision making on trials on which a red screen background signalled threat of shocks against trials when shocks could not occur. The threat cues elicited increased electrodermal activity and a sustained decrease in heart rate, consistent with defensive vigilance. The threat condition was associated with risk\u2010avoidant choices, on trials where the risky option involved moderate losses and when choosing between options involving only losses. These effects were not explained by changes in latency. Threat exerts immediate effects on decision making and physiological arousal, biasing subjects towards safer alternatives, potentially through a magnified processing of loss information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01454.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,22]],"date-time":"2012-08-22T15:31:22Z","timestamp":1345649482000},"page":"1436-1443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Risk\u2010avoidant decision making increased by threat of electric shock"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea M.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farima","family":"Rome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barnaby D.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R. 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