{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:34:59Z","timestamp":1780472099215,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":934,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> To assess HIV\u2010related nucleic acids in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions and the factors associated with them.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Observational study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pavia, Italy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> HIV\u2010positive patients attending a cytology service.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Paired blood and cervico\u2010vaginal lavage samples were obtained from 122 known HIV\u2010seropositive patients during periodic visits for cytologic screening for lower genital tract neoplasia. Vaginal specimens for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis and candida infection were also obtained. HIV\u20101\u2010RNA in plasma, proviral HIV\u20101\u2010DNA, cell associated and cell\u2010free HIV\u20101 RNA in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions were quantitatively evaluated by competitive polymerase chain reaction (c\u2010PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (cRT\u2010PCR).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>outcome measure<\/jats:bold> Prevalences of HIV related nucleic acids in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions and their univariate and multivariate associations with clinical variables.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Proviral HIV\u20101 DNA, cell\u2010associated and cell\u2010free HIV\u20101 RNA were detected in 50% (61\/122), 37.7% (46\/122) and 32.8% (40\/122) of the patients, respectively. In logistic regression analysis, the presence of HIV\u20101 RNA in blood was the factor which correlated best with the detection of HIV\u20101 DNA (<jats:styled-content>OR = 5.48, 95% CI=2.28\u201013.20<\/jats:styled-content>), cell\u2010associated (<jats:styled-content>OR = 4.85; 95% CI = 1.89\u201312.45<\/jats:styled-content>) and cell\u2010free HIV\u20101 RNA (<jats:styled-content>OR = 4.63, 95% CI = 1.74\u201312.33<\/jats:styled-content>) in cervico\u2010vaginal samples. However, between 20% and to 35% of patients who tested negative for blood HIV\u20101 RNA were positive for either HIV\u20101 DNA or HIV\u20101 RNA detection in cervico\u2010vaginal lavages. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with an increased prevalence of cell\u2010associated (<jats:styled-content>OR=3.58, 95% CI = 1.22\u201310.54<\/jats:styled-content>) and cell\u2010free HIV\u20101 RNA (<jats:styled-content>OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.0\u20138.7<\/jats:styled-content>) detection in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions. Additional factors associated with increased prevalence of HIV\u20101 RNA detection were advanced stage of HIV disease and vulvovaginal candidiasis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Although the presence of HIV\u20101 RNA in blood is the factor which correlates best with the detection of HIV\u2010related nucleic acids in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions, the shedding of HIV in the genital tract can occur in 20\u201030% of non\u2010viremic subjects. Bacterial vaginosis and candida infection could have a facilitating role in local HIV viral replication and shedding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00141.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T17:28:33Z","timestamp":1072114113000},"page":"634-641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Factors associated with nucleic acids related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cervico\u2010vaginal secretions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Arsenio","family":"Spinillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizia","family":"Debiaggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Maserati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Polatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"De Santolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704103361507"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199808000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199610000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515266"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70261-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/314656"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults","volume":"41","author":"CDC","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00416.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"PCR\u2010based diagnostics in infectious disease","author":"Ehrlich G.D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.30.7.1752-1757.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.68.4.2495-2502.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.11.7603-7613.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)90002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199712000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514213"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04240-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01063-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.1.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","first-page":"268","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological characteristics of symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis in HIV\u2010seropositive women","volume":"70","author":"Spinillo A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genitourin Med"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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