{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:09:20Z","timestamp":1792012160424,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":904,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold> To determine whether obstetric and maternal factors relate to faecal incontinence at three months postpartum.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold> Maternity units in Aberdeen (Scotland), Birmingham (England) and Dunedin (New Zealand).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population<\/jats:bold> All women who delivered during one year in the three maternity units.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold> Postal questionnaire at three months postpartum, to obtain information on faecal incontinence, linked to obstetric casenote data.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main<\/jats:bold>  <jats:bold>outcome measures<\/jats:bold> Prevalence of faecal incontinence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold> 7879 questionnaires were returned, a 71.7% response rate. The prevalence of faecal incontinence was 9.6%, with 4.2% reporting this more often than rarely. Logistic regression, confined to primiparae, showed that forceps delivery was a predictor of an increased risk of symptoms (OR=1.94, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.89) while vacuum extraction was not associated. Caesarean section was marginally associated with a reduced risk (OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.97). Older maternal age, Indian sub\u2010continent ethnic origin and body mass index \u2018not known\u2019 also showed significant associations. No associations were found for induced labour, duration of second stage labour, episiotomy, laceration or birthweight.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold> Women delivered by forceps had almost twice the risk of developing faecal incontinence, whereas vacuum extraction was not associated with faecal incontinence at three months postpartum. Caesarean section appears to offer some protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2001.00183.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T17:21:28Z","timestamp":1072113688000},"page":"678-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"MacArthur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.M.A.","family":"Glazener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.D.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.P.","family":"Herbison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.D.","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Lancashire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6905.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(93)90514-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"655","article-title":"Obstetric events leading to anal sphincter damage","volume":"96","author":"Donnelly V.S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"349","article-title":"Postnatal incontinence: a multicentre randomised controlled trial of conservative treatment","volume":"16","author":"Wilson P.D.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urodynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","first-page":"519","article-title":"Comparison of long term problems following childbirth in Asian and Caucasian women","volume":"43","author":"MacArthur C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","volume-title":"the Cochrane Library, Issue 4","author":"Johanson R.B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb15301.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(98)00256-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7130.528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11205-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1996.tb09668.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"519","article-title":"Comparison of long term health problems following childbirth among Asian and Caucasian mothers","volume":"43","author":"MacArthur C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1999.tb08269.x"}],"container-title":["BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &amp; 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