{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T04:44:36Z","timestamp":1794545076851,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":720,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    To define an entity of abnormal vaginal flora: aerobic vaginitis\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>\n                    Observational study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Setting<\/jats:bold>\n                    University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample<\/jats:bold>\n                    631 women attending for routine prenatal care or attending vaginitis clinic.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    Samples were taken for fresh wet mount microscopy of vaginal fluid, vaginal cultures and measurement of lactate, succinate and cytokine levels in vaginal fluid. Smears deficient in lactobacilli and positive for clue cells were considered to indicate a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. Aerobic vaginitis was diagnosed if smears were deficient in lactobacilli, positive for cocci or coarse bacilli, positive for parabasal epithelial cells, and\/or positive for vaginal leucocytes (plus their granular aspect)\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    Genital complaints include red inflammation, yellow discharge, vaginal dyspareunia. Group B streptococci,\n                    <jats:italic>escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    are frequently cultured. Vaginal lactate concentration is severely depressed in women with aerobic vaginitis, as in bacterial vaginosis, but vaginal succinate is not produced. Also in contrast to bacterial vaginosis, aerobic vaginitis produces a host immune response that leads to high production of interleukin\u20106, interleukin\u20101\u2010\u03b2 and leukaemia inhibitory factor in the vaginal fluid\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>\n                    Aerobic vaginitis is associated with aerobic micro\u2010organisms, mainly group B streptococci and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Its characteristics are different from those of bacterial vaginosis and elicit an important host response. The most severe form of aerobic vaginitis equals desquamative inflammatory vaginitis. In theory, aerobic vaginitis may be a better candidate than bacterial vaginosis as the cause of pregnancy complications, such as ascending chorioamnionitis, preterm rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00432.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T11:38:24Z","timestamp":1072093104000},"page":"34-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":398,"title":["Definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Gilbert G.G.","family":"Donders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Vereecken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Bosmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Dekeersmaecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Salembier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: screen and treat?[editorial]","volume":"83","author":"Donders GGG","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:3<126::AID-IDOG2>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(94)90135-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-0997(1999)7:4<206::AID-IDOG9>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91112-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991","article-title":"Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardised method of Gram stain interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Nugent RP","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"727","article-title":"Enumeration of clue cells in rehydrated air\u2010dried vaginal wet smears for the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis","volume":"76","author":"Larsson P\u2010G","year":"1990","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6924.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.3.724"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","unstructured":"RosensteinIJ MorganDJ SheehanM LamontRF Taylor\u2010RobinsonD.Effect of topical clindamycin on bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy [abstract]. 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