{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T16:43:43Z","timestamp":1794242623580,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":569,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> To examine the association between biochemical vitamin A deficiency in pregnancy and maternal and fetal health.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> A cross sectional clinical study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Antenatal clinic of nutrition unit of Niloufer Hospital catering for a low socio\u2010economic population, and a private nursing home (Swapna nursing home) catering for a high socio\u2010economic population.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> 736 pregnant women in their third trimester of pregnancy belonging to low (<jats:styled-content><jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 522<\/jats:styled-content>) and high socio\u2010economic groups (<jats:styled-content><jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 214<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> All the women were subjected to a detailed clinical, anthropometric and obstetric examination. Night blindness was assessed by administering the standard WHO questionnaire. Birthweight and gestational age of the infants, maternal anaemia and development of pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension in the mother were recorded. Haemoglobin and serum retinol were estimated at the time of recruitment to the study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main outcome measures\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Serum retinol levels, anaemia, pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension, birthweight and gestational age of the infant.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Night blindness was observed in 2.9% of the women and subclincal vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol <jats:styled-content>&lt;20 \u03bcg\/dL<\/jats:styled-content> with no clinical signs) in 27% of the women. Moderate to severe anaemia was observed in 41.2% of the women, and 15.8% of the women developed pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension. Sixty\u2010one (9.4%) women delivered preterm. Univariate analysis identified a significant association between serum retinol &lt;20 \u03bcg\/dL and preterm delivery (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.03\u20132.96<\/jats:styled-content>), maternal anaemia (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.28\u20132.60<\/jats:styled-content>) and pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.02\u20132.83<\/jats:styled-content>). After adjusting for the confounding variables (body mass index, parity, age and socio\u2010economic status) in a multivariate analysis, the significant associations between serum retinol &lt;20 \u03bcg\/dL and preterm delivery (<jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.02<\/jats:styled-content>) and anaemia (<jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.003<\/jats:styled-content>) persisted, while that for pregnancy\u2010induced hypertension disappeared (<jats:styled-content><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.71<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> The study suggests that subclinical vitamin A deficiency is a problem during the third trimester of pregnancy. Serum concentration of retinol <jats:styled-content>&lt;20 \u03bcg\/dL<\/jats:styled-content> appears to indicate a deficient status, and is associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery and maternal anaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01010.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T16:09:31Z","timestamp":1072109371000},"page":"689-693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Effects of vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on maternal and child health"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"M.S.","family":"Radhika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Bhaskaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Balakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.A.","family":"Ramalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savitha","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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