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To test this hypothesis, we took blood samples from 26 women with pre\u2010eclampsia (without fetal growth restriction), 13 women with fetal growth restriction (without pre\u2010eclampsia) and 24 normal pregnant controls, and measured the circulating levels of three markers of endothelial cell activation (soluble VCAM, ICAM and E\u2010selectin) and three cytokines [tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1), interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106) and \u20108 (IL\u20108)]. The levels of the markers of endothelial cell activation were raised in both pre\u2010eclampsia and fetal growth restriction pregnancies compared with controls; however, the levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106 and IL\u20108 were significantly raised in pregnancies complicated by pre\u2010eclampsia, but not in fetal growth restriction, compared with controls. These data show that endothelial cell activation is common to both pre\u2010eclampsia and fetal growth restriction, but that the circulating levels of cytokines are elevated only in pre\u2010eclampsia. Thus, it seems likely that endothelial cell activation is a consequence of a failure of trophoblast invasion and that a further step is required, possibly involving cytokine release, for the expression of the full clinical picture of pre\u2010eclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01045.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T16:03:53Z","timestamp":1072109033000},"page":"836-839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Does endothelial cell activation occur with intrauterine growth restriction?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"M.R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Anim\u2010Nyame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.R.","family":"Sooranna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65363-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1997.tb00222.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","first-page":"937","article-title":"Increased concentrations of cytokines interleukin\u20106 and interleukin\u20101 receptor antagonist in plasma of women with preeclampsia: a mechanism for endothelial dysfunction?","volume":"84","author":"Greer IA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.2000.0560"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00042-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70152-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(98)00138-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107155769800500503"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(00)00058-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"384","article-title":"Cytokine production and visualized effects in the feto\u2010maternal unit. 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