{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:34:54Z","timestamp":1791905694852,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":447,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJOG"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> To examine the association between female genital cutting and frequency of sexual and gynaecological symptoms among a cohort of cut <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> uncut women in Edo State of Nigeria.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Cross sectional study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Women attending family planning and antenatal clinics at three hospitals in Edo State, South\u2013south Nigeria.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Population\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> 1836 healthy premenopausal women.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> The sample included 1836 women. Information about type of female genital cutting was based on medical exams while a structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on the women's socio\u2010demographic characteristics, their ages of first menstruation (menarche), first intercourse, marriage and pregnancy, sexual history and experiences of symptoms of reproductive tract infections. Associations between female genital cutting and these correlates of sexual and gynaecologic morbidity were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression and Cox models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Main outcome measures\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Frequency of self\u2010reported orgasm achieved during sexual intercourse and symptoms of reproductive tract infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Forty\u2010five percent were circumcised and 71% had type 1, while 24% had type 2 female genital cutting. No significant differences between cut and uncut women were observed in the frequency of reports of sexual intercourse in the preceding week or month, the frequency of reports of early arousal during intercourse and the proportions reporting experience of orgasm during intercourse. There was also no difference between cut and uncut women in their reported ages of menarche, first intercourse or first marriage in the multivariate models controlling for the effects of socio\u2010economic factors. In contrast, cut women were 1.25 times more likely to get pregnant at a given age than uncut women. Uncut women were significantly more likely to report that the clitoris is the most sexually sensitive part of their body (<jats:styled-content>OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.26\u20130.47<\/jats:styled-content>), while cut women were more likely to report that their breasts are their most sexually sensitive body parts (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.51\u20132.42<\/jats:styled-content>). Cut women were significantly more likely than uncut women to report having lower abdominal pain (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.11\u20132.14<\/jats:styled-content>), yellow bad\u2010smelling vaginal discharge (<jats:styled-content>OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.54\u20135.09<\/jats:styled-content>), white vaginal discharge (<jats:styled-content>OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.09\u20132.49<\/jats:styled-content>) and genital ulcers (<jats:styled-content>OR = 4.38, 95% CI = 1.13\u201317.00<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/jats:bold> Female genital cutting in this group of women did not attenuate sexual feelings. However, female genital cutting may predispose women to adverse sexuality outcomes including early pregnancy and reproductive tract infections. Therefore, female genital cutting cannot be justified by arguments that suggest that it reduces sexual activity in women and prevents adverse outcomes of sexuality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01550.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]],"date-time":"2003-12-22T15:24:20Z","timestamp":1072106660000},"page":"1089-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["The association between female genital cutting and correlates of sexual and gynaecological morbidity in Edo State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"F.E.","family":"Okonofua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Oronsaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.C.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.E.","family":"Slanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"Female Genital Mutilation\u2014A Joint WHO\/UNICEF\/UNFPA Statement","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Female \u2018Circumcision\u2019 in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change","author":"Shell\u2010Duncan B","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","volume-title":"Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 1999 (Nigeria DHS 1999)","author":"National Population Commission [Nigeria]","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3583444"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(96)02803-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Female \u2018Circumcision\u2019 in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change","author":"Orubuloye IO","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(96)00253-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","volume-title":"Female \u2018Circumcision\u2019 in Africa: Culture, Controversy, and Change","author":"Shell\u2010Duncan B","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409153311106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.1999.00219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00208-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"411","article-title":"Bridges and barricades: rethinking polemics and intransigence in the campaign against female circumcision","volume":"47","author":"Obiora LA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Case West Law Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2648044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","unstructured":"CoulibalyS DickoF TraoreSM SidibeO SeroussiM BarrereB.Enquete Demographique et de Sante Mali 1995\u20131996: Cellule de Planification et de Statistique du Ministere de la Sante Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Informatique et Macro International. et Calverton Maryland 1996."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","unstructured":"AttamaS SeroussiM IdrissaA et al.Enquete Demographique et de Sante Niger 1998 (Niger DHS 1998): Care International\/Niger et Macro International. 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